Saddleback/tīeke

Saddleback/tīeke conservation

There are two species: North Island saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater) and South Island saddleback (P. carunculatus). The more endangered of the two species is the South Island saddleback, with over 2000 birds in existence.

Saddlebacks were once widespread throughout New Zealand's mainland and island forests. Their decline began with the arrival of people and the resulting forest clearance and introduced predators such as ship rats, feral cats and stoats.

By the 20th century both species were close to extinction. South Island saddlebacks were limited to three islands: Big South Cape, Pukeweka, and Soloman Islands (near Stewart Island), while the North Island species was restricted to Hen Island in the Hauraki Gulf.

Rescued from disaster

In the early 1960s, disaster struck the southern species. A boat accidentally brought ship rats to Big South Cape Island (largest of its three island homes), and quickly spread to the other two. The result was an ecological nightmare for many endemic species and caused the extinction of the Stewart Island snipe, Stead's bush wren and the greater short-tailed bat.

The New Zealand Wildlife Service (now DOC) came to the rescue and saved the saddleback from extinction.

Early in 1964, the NZ Wildlife Service successfully transferred some North Island saddlebacks from Hen Island, Hauraki Gulf to nearby Whatapuke Island. This was possibly the first time the translocation of a species had been successfully carried out.

This led the way for the translocation of South Island saddlebacks from their rat-plagued islands to predator-free ones. The current population of over 2000 birds is descended from the survivors of the 36 saddlebacks rescued in 1964.

This method of translocating species to island refuges continues to be a major conservation strategy in New Zealand.

Island homes

The North Island saddleback is now resident on 19 islands and is in a favourable position to survive provide invasive predators are kept off these islands. The South Island species is on 11 smaller islands (500 ha) but its tiny founding population leaves it vulnerable to inbreeding.

Cooperation between local iwi, who harvest muttonbirds on several of the southern islands, and the department has been crucial to the success of the conservation work being carried out for the southern species.

Mainland sanctuaries

There are mainland North Island saddleback populations at five fenced sanctuaries, where they have been re-introduced from 'lifeboat' island populations: Zealandia Ecosanctuary, Bushy Park Sanctuary, Tawharanui Regional Park, Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari and Rotokare Scenic Reserve.

The southern species is far more vulnerable to predators and its proven difficult to sustain populations in sanctuaries who get occasional predator incursions.

Translocations are managed to maximise genetic diversity of all translocations, often with 2 or 3 source populations contributing to the establishment at new sites.

Recovery plan

South Island saddleback recovery plan (PDF, 207K)

The plan aims to:

• maintain wild saddleback populations, including protecting the 10 existing populations, eg Titi, Breaksea, Motuara and Allports islands
• adopt stringent rodent, weed and disease quarantine measures for the islands
• remove predators from islands suitable for saddlebacks and translocate the birds there

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