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2009-08-26T10:15:15Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2009-08-26T10:16:38+12:00
2009-08-26T10:16:38+12:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
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/T1_0 11 Tf
87 Tz 71 770 Td
(It)Tj
66 Tz 14 0 Td
(i)Tj
93 Tz 3 0 Td
(s)Tj
106 Tz 11 0 Td
(possi)Tj
119 Tz 25 0 Td
(ble that the repellent effect of cinnamon may be prolonged by increasing\
its)Tj
116 Tz -53 -13 Td
(strength or slowing its release \(e.g., from pollard pellets by putting \
cinnamon in the bait)Tj
113 Tz 0 -14 TD
(mixture instead of applying it to the bait surface\). Alternatively, it \
may be possible to find)Tj
0 -13 TD
(another flavour more repellent than cinnamon to birds, but still non-rep\
ellent to possums.)Tj
118 Tz 0 -26 TD
(Observations on the repellent effect of bait flavours to birds in captiv\
ity can validly be)Tj
114 Tz 0 -13 TD
(extrapolated to birds in the wild.)Tj
113 Tz 174 1 Td
(However, the proportion of birds in captivity which fed)Tj
122 Tz -174 -14 Td
(on baits may be irrelevant in the wild. Baits may be less acceptable to \
wild birds not)Tj
115 Tz T*
(habituated to an artificial diet.)Tj
116 Tz 163 0 Td
(On the other hand, baits may be more acceptable to wild)Tj
115 Tz -163 -13 Td
(birds faced with food shortages than to captive birds supplied with an e\
xcess of food. On)Tj
116 Tz T*
(the assumption that baits, cinnamon-flavoured or not, will always be acc\
eptable to some)Tj
113 Tz 0 -14 TD
(birds, wildlife managers need to know what proportion of birds in a wild\
population would)Tj
110 Tz 1 -12 Td
(feed on baits, and also what would be their chances of doing so. Only if\
the chances are very)Tj
115 Tz T*
(low, and the need to poison \(e.g., to protect the habitat of a bird suc\
h as the kaka\) is very)Tj
112 Tz 0 -12 TD
(high, should 1080-poisoning operations be allowed in areas containing ra\
re bird species.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
103 Tz 0 -27 TD
(ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS)Tj
98 Tz 0 -79 TD
(REFERENCES)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
111 Tz 0 53 TD
(I am grateful to the Wildlife Service for permission to work at Mt Bruce\
, and particularly to)Tj
96 Tz 0 -13 TD
(I.J.)Tj
109 Tz 17 0 Td
(Bryant, W. Cumming, and other staff at Mt Bruce who gave assistance. I a\
m also grateful)Tj
111 Tz -17 -13 Td
(to S.J. Kingsford for assistance with the observations.)Tj
115 Tz 0 -53 TD
(Harrison,)Tj
107 Tz 54 0 Td
(M. 1978.)Tj
2000 Tz -126 386 Td
(\t)Tj
121 Tz 182 -385 Td
(The use of poisons and their effect on bird-life.)Tj
2000 Tz -182 385 Td
(\t)Tj
105 Tz 448 -385 Td
(Pp. 203-221)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
102 Tz 65 0 Td
(in:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
114 Tz -403 -13 Td
(Prodeedings of the seminar on the takahe and its habitat 1978. Fiordland\
National)Tj
109 Tz 0 -13 TD
(Park Board, Invercargill.)Tj
113 Tz -38 -27 Td
(McHroy, J.C. 1984. The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison \
VII.)Tj
118 Tz 397 0 Td
(Native and)Tj
112 Tz -359 -13 Td
(introduced birds.)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
104 Tz 92 0 Td
(Australian)Tj
96 Tz 53 0 Td
(Wildlife Research 11:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
98 Tz 98 0 Td
(373-385.)Tj
118 Tz -281 -26 Td
(McIntosh, I.G.; Bell, J.; Poole,)Tj
115 Tz 168 0 Td
(W.S.H.; Staples, E.L.J 1966.)Tj
122 Tz 162 0 Td
(The toxicity of sodium)Tj
111 Tz -292 -13 Td
(monofluoroacetate \(1080\) to the North Island weka)Tj
80 Tz 259 0 Td
(\()Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
104 Tz 4 0 Td
(Gallirallus australis greyi)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
77 Tz 117 0 Td
(\).)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
105 Tz 14 0 Td
(New)Tj
99 Tz -394 -13 Td
(Zealand Journal of Science)Tj
109 Tz 124 0 Td
(9)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
50 Tz 6 0 Td
(:.)Tj
93 Tz 7 0 Td
(125-128.)Tj
109 Tz -175 -26 Td
(Forest Research Institute 1985. Possum control - making toxic baits fhor\
e acceptable.)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
102 Tz 422 0 Td
(What's)Tj
-384 -13 Td
(New in Forest Research No. 137.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
103 Tz 158 0 Td
(4 p.)Tj
109 Tz -196 -27 Td
(Pracy, L.T.; Robertson, B.A.; Udy, P.B. 1982 Flavours tested on Kapiti.)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
99 Tz 356 1 Td
(Counterpest 8:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
98 Tz 69 0 Td
(10-11.)Tj
107 Tz -425 -27 Td
(Spurr, E.B. 1979.)Tj
112 Tz 91 0 Td
(A theoretical assessment of the ability of bird species to recover from \
an)Tj
99 Tz -53 -13 Td
(i)Tj
115 Tz 4 0 Td
(mposed reduction in numbers, with particular reference to 1080)Tj
108 Tz 330 1 Td
(poisoning.)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
101 Tz 60 -1 Td
(New)Tj
100 Tz -394 -13 Td
(Zealand Journal of Ecology 2:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
94 Tz 139 0 Td
(46-63.)Tj
111 Tz -177 -26 Td
(Udy, P.B.; Pracy, L.T. 1981. Baits, birds and field operations.)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
101 Tz 312 0 Td
(Counterpest 6:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
91 Tz 71 0 Td
(13-15.)Tj
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120 Tz
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(Cinnamon was also added to dates, an item of the normal captive diet of kaka, and its) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 755 Tm
(repellency was tested for 3 days \(c.f. 1 day by Udy & Pracy 1981\).) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 729 Tm
(The number of baits that were eaten or partly eaten were recorded. Also, kaka responses to) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 716 Tm
(dates were directly observed.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 691 Tm
(RESULTS) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 664 Tm
(Plain baits were eaten the first day offered, but cinnamon-flavoured baits were not eaten until) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 651 Tm
(the second day. On average, 15% of both plain and cinnamon-flavoured baits were eaten or) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 638 Tm
(partly eaten each day. Baits that were partly eaten were dropped on the ground below) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 625 Tm
(perches. The numbers of carrot and pollard baits eaten were similar; 59% of baits eaten were) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 611 Tm
(greater than 2 g in size.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 585 Tm
(Plain dates were eaten the first day offered, but cinnamon-flavoured dates were not eaten) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 572 Tm
(until the third day. One kaka was seen removing the outside layer of a cinnamon-flavoured) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 559 Tm
(date, then eating the inside.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 533 Tm
(DISCUSSION) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
1 0 0 1 70 506 Tm
(From direct observations of birds feeding and from the remains of baits, I obtained positive) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 493 Tm
(evidence of kaka feeding on both plain and cinnamon-flavoured carrot and pollard baits.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 467 Tm
(The kaka ate baits of all sizes, but especially the larger baits. In contrast, earlier assessments) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 454 Tm
(of trial poison operations by Harrison \(1978\) showed that fewer birds were killed when the) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 441 Tm
(smaller baits were screened out, implying that the birds preferred eating the smaller baits.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 428 Tm
(However, Harrison's results could also be interpreted as showing that fewer birds were killed) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 415 Tm
(when fewer baits were applied, because equal weights rather than equal numbers of small) Tj
1 0 0 1 70 402 Tm
(and large baits were used in the trials. Also, the birds killed in Harrison's trials were small) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 389 Tm
(passerines that may have preferred eating small baits. The kaka tested at Mt Bruce preferred) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 376 Tm
(eating large baits, which they could hold in their claws.) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 350 Tm
(The kaka ate only a few whole baits, and often only parts of baits. They preferred seeds to) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 337 Tm
(carrot and pollard baits.) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 207 337 Tm
(This indicates that the baits were not very attractive to kaka.) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 324 Tm
(However, although kaka ate only a few baits, they may have eaten enough for a lethal dose) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 311 Tm
(of 1080 if the baits had been poisoned. No data are available on the lethal dose of 1080 to) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 297 Tm
(kaka, but a North Island weka \() Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 236 298 Tm
(Gallirallus) Tj
102 Tz
1 0 0 1 288 297 Tm
(australis) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 330 297 Tm
(greyi) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 356 297 Tm
(\) can be killed by 8.1 mg 1080/kg) Tj
1 0 0 1 70 284 Tm
(body weight \(McIntosh et al. 1966\). This means that a weka weighing 1 kg would be killed) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 271 Tm
(by eating 5.4 g of bait containing 0.15% 1080 \(the recommended loading for possum control\).) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 258 Tm
(Kaka are likely to be at least as sensitive to 1080 as weka, which have a higher tolerance to) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 245 Tm
(1080 than most parrots \(e.g., see McIlroy 1984\). Kaka, which are lighter than weka, probably) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 232 Tm
(would need to eat less than 3 g of poisoned bait to obtain a lethal dose of 1080.) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 206 Tm
(The acceptance of cinnamon-flavoured baits by the pair of kaka may have been influenced) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 193 Tm
(by their being "pre-fed" with plain baits.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 282 193 Tm
(However, other species \(e.g., weka, red-crowned) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 180 Tm
(parakeets, and saddlebacks\) all ate cinnamon-flavoured baits without previous exposure to) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 167 Tm
(plain baits.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 140 Tm
(The delay in acceptance of cinnamon-flavoured baits indicates that fresh cinnamon had some) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 127 Tm
(repellent effect, but that the effect wore off quickly. I noticed that the smell of cinnamon on) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 114 Tm
(the baits waned after the first day; perhaps the taste did too. My results are consistent with) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 101 Tm
(those of Udy & Pracy \(1981\) and Pracy) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 275 101 Tm
(et al) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 296 102 Tm
(.) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 303 101 Tm
(\(1982\), assuming their tests were made with) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 88 Tm
(fresh baits.) Tj
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111 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 769 Tm
(FEEDING BY CAPTIVE KAKA ON BAITS USED IN 1080-POISONING OPERATIONS) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 743 Tm
(E.B. SPURR) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 730 Tm
(Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd, P.O. Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 691 Tm
(ABSTRACT) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 665 Tm
(Plain and cinnamon-flavoured baits used in 1080-poisoning operations for brushtail possum) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 652 Tm
(control were offered to two captive North Island kaka at Mt Bruce National Wildlife Centre) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 639 Tm
(in July 1985. The kaka ate plain baits the first day offered, but were deterred from eating) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 625 Tm
(cinnamon-flavoured baits until the second day.) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 599 Tm
(INTRODUCTION) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 573 Tm
(Carrots and pollard pellets commonly used as carriers of 1080 poison \(sodium) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 560 Tm
(monofluoroacetate\) for control of the brushtail possum \() Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
100 Tz
1 0 0 1 350 560 Tm
(Trichosurus) Tj
1 0 0 1 407 560 Tm
(vulpecula) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
80 Tz
1 0 0 1 450 560 Tm
(\)) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 457 560 Tm
(are also eaten) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 547 Tm
(by some birds \(Spurr 1979\). Residues of 1080 have been identified from carcasses of several) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 534 Tm
(bird species, including the North Island kaka) Tj
80 Tz
1 0 0 1 299 534 Tm
(\() Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 302 534 Tm
(Nestor meridionalis) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
92 Tz
1 0 0 1 392 534 Tm
(\),) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 401 534 Tm
(although it is not known) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 521 Tm
(whether these birds fed directly on poisoned baits or indirectly on poisoned prey \(Spurr) Tj
98 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 508 Tm
(1979\).) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 104 508 Tm
(Many captive native birds are fed carrots and pollard pellets \(normally fed to poultry\),) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 494 Tm
(and probably would feed on similar materials used as baits for possum control.) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 468 Tm
(Udy & Pracy \(1981\) and Pracy, Robertson & Udy \(1982\) noted that cinnamon and some other) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 456 Tm
(flavours were repellent to kaka, but not to possums. Cinnamon is now applied to both carrot) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 443 Tm
(and pollard baits used in 1080-poisoning operations, partly because of its supposed bird) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 429 Tm
(repellency and partly because of its ability to mask the smell and taste of 1080 poison from) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 416 Tm
(possums \(Forest Research Institute 1985\).) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 390 Tm
(This study was set up to determine whether cinnamon-flavoured baits are less attractive than) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 377 Tm
(plain baits to kaka in captivity at Mt Bruce National Wildlife Centre.) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 351 Tm
(METHODS) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 325 Tm
(The pair of North Island kaka at Mt Bruce were normally fed a mixture of seeds \(mainly) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 312 Tm
(sunflower\), fresh vegetables \(such as carrots and silverbeet\), fresh fruit \(such as apples\), and) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 299 Tm
(dried fruit \(such as dates\).) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 211 299 Tm
(Water sweetened with honey and jam was also provided.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 272 Tm
(The kaka were given plain baits for 5 days, then cinnamon-flavoured baits for 3 days in July) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 259 Tm
(1985, at the time of year when poisoning operations often take place. The plain baits were) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 246 Tm
(freshly cut carrot pieces and Mintech NZ Ltd pollard pellets, without 1080. The baits were) Tj
121 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 233 Tm
(dyed) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 106 233 Tm
(with 0.02% Acid Brilliant Green, as in 1080-poisoning operations.) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 505 233 Tm
(The) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 220 Tm
(cinnamon-flavoured baits were flavoured with a surface coating of 0.1% cinnamon oil, as) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 207 Tm
(recommended by) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 163 207 Tm
(the) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 207 Tm
(Forest Research Institute \(1985\).) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 181 Tm
(Carrot pieces and pollard pellets) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 233 181 Tm
(were given together; 20 of each, with) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 416 181 Tm
(equal numbers in four) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 168 Tm
(size-classes \(0.5-1 g,1-2 g, 2-4 g, 4-6 g\). The baits were placed in feeding trays with the birds') Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 155 Tm
(usual food. Baits were put out at about 0830 h and usually removed at about 1630 h. The) Tj
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 141 Tm
(same baits were put out for up to 5 days to simulate the aging of baits in a poisoning) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 128 Tm
(operation.) Tj
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1 0 0 1 80 654 Tm
(ISSN 1171-9834) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 500 Tm
(Reference to material in this report should be cited thus:) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 473 Tm
(Spurr, E.B., 1992.) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 459 Tm
(Feeding by captive Kaka on baits used in 1080-poisoning operations.) Tj
1 0 0 1 80 445 Tm
(Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 3, Department of Conservation,) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 432 Tm
(Wellington. 3p.) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 95 570 Tm
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