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2007-11-21T11:45:53Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2007-11-21T11:47:42+13:00
2007-11-21T11:47:42+13:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
application/pdf
Conservation of kakerori (Pomarea dimidiata), Rarotonga
casn272
H A Robertson
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(Saul, E.K. 1995. Towards 2000: a management plan for the kakerori's next 5 years. Cook) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 768 Tm
(Islands Environment Service, Rarotonga.) Tj
92 Tz
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(ecotourists might bypass the TCA to see kakerori on another island. The TCA) Tj
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(population would remain the only natural population, however, and the TCA) Tj
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(is very accessible to tourists as the international airport is on Rarotonga, and) Tj
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109 Tz
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(rent Kakerori Recovery Plan runs out in the year 2000, and revision of this) Tj
105 Tz
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(plan should address some of these issues and highlight future innovative man-) Tj
106 Tz
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(agement options.) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 653 Tm
(The technology developed during the Kakerori Recovery Programme has now) Tj
106 Tz
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(been exported to French Polynesia, where members of the French Polynesian) Tj
104 Tz
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(Ornithological Society,) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
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(Manu,) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
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(nigra) Tj
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(.) Tj
98 Tz
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(In April 1999, a joint SPREP/Birdlife) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 597 Tm
(International workshop to determine bird conservation priorities in Polynesia) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 584 Tm
(was held in Rarotonga in April 1999 - this venue was chosen to highlight the) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 570 Tm
(success of the Kakerori Recovery Programme and to show Pacific Islands del-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 556 Tm
(egates that conservation problems can be turned around.) Tj
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(6.) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 494 Tm
(Acknowledgements) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 448 Tm
(Many thanks to Anna Tiraa and Ed Saul for their great help throughout my) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 435 Tm
(visit.) Tj
1 0 0 1 209 434 Tm
(Ed Saul and Maddie Midwinter again provided warm hospitality during) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 421 Tm
(my stay. The Pacific Development and Conservation Trust paid for my travel) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 406 Tm
(expenses this year, and the Department of Conservation allowed me 15 days) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 393 Tm
(of special leave on pay during the 22 days I was in Rarotonga. Rod Hay im-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 379 Tm
(proved this manuscript.) Tj
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(7.) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 318 Tm
(References) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 273 Tm
(Collar, NJ., Crosby, M.J., Stattersfield,AJ. 1994.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
93 Tz
1 0 0 1 373 272 Tm
(Birds to Watch 2: the world list of threat-) Tj
92 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 262 Tm
(ened birds.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 258 262 Tm
(BirdLife International, Cambridge.) Tj
89 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 245 Tm
(Hay,J.R. 1986. Bird Conservation in the Pacific Islands.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 406 244 Tm
(Study report No. 7, International) Tj
93 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 233 Tm
(Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
89 Tz
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(Robertson, H.A. 1998. Conservation of kakerori) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
91 Tz
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(\(Pom) Tj
98 Tz
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(area dimidiata\):) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
89 Tz
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(Report on overseas) Tj
87 Tz
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(travel to Rarotonga, August 1997.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
92 Tz
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(Science & Research Internal Report 163, Depart-) Tj
91 Tz
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(ment of Conservation, Wellington.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
84 Tz
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(Robertson, H.A., Hay, J.) Tj
89 Tz
1 0 0 1 272 174 Tm
(R., Saul, E.K. 1993. Age and sex determination of kakerori) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
92 Tz
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(Pomarea) Tj
95 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 163 Tm
(dimidiata. Notornis) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
86 Tz
1 0 0 1 294 163 Tm
(40: 179-187.) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 146 Tm
(Robertson, H.A., Hay,J.R., Saul, E.K., McCormack, G.V. 1994. Recovery of the kakerori: an) Tj
91 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 135 Tm
(endangered forest bird of the Cook Islands.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
93 Tz
1 0 0 1 388 134 Tm
(Conservation Biology) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
85 Tz
1 0 0 1 482 134 Tm
(8: 1078-1086.) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 117 Tm
(Robertson, H.A., Saul, E.K. in press. Cost-benefit analysis of using tropical formulation ver-) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 106 Tm
(sus standard Talon 50WB rodenticide baits.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
92 Tz
1 0 0 1 386 105 Tm
(Ecological Management.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 88 Tm
(Robertson, H.A., Saul, E.K.,Tiraa,A. 1998. Rat control in Rarotonga: some lessons for main-) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 76 Tm
(land islands in New Zealand.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
93 Tz
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/OP11Font0 11 Tf
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(6: 1-12.) Tj
90 Tz
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(8) Tj
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(years, ground-dwelling lizards are extremely common, and virtually always) Tj
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(one or more is in sight. In valleys about 1 km from the TCA area, I saw only a) Tj
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2000 Tz
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(\t) Tj
106 Tz
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(The future) Tj
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111 Tz
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106 Tz
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(has already been achieved and we are now aiming at 200 birds by 2000. Con-) Tj
109 Tz
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(tinued population growth seems assured with the injection of support to the) Tj
102 Tz
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(project from the Pacific Development and Conservation Trust and from SPREP,) Tj
109 Tz
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(at least until 2001. We have applied to BirdLife International to downgrade) Tj
107 Tz
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(the threatened status of kakerori from `critically endangered' to `endangered') Tj
110 Tz
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(for their next edition of) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
103 Tz
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(Birds to Watch.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
1 0 0 1 180 435 Tm
(We are still trying to refine the ongoing rat control programme, mainly through) Tj
108 Tz
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(experiments aimed at minimising the labour and poison costs, and minimis-) Tj
109 Tz
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(ing the amount of poison put into the environment each year. In 1999/2000) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 393 Tm
(season we plan to try to make the remaining tropical formulation Talon baits) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 379 Tm
(more palatable by dipping them in coconut oil in an attempt to mask the) Tj
106 Tz
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(flavour that rats clearly dislike.) Tj
105 Tz
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(The Takitumu Conservation Area Project, as a community-based and ecologi-) Tj
111 Tz
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(cally sustainable conservation venture, is very exciting, and is providing a) Tj
110 Tz
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(good model for the integrated management of ecotourism and biodiversity) Tj
111 Tz
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(conservation in the South Pacific. The continuing success of the Kakerori) Tj
106 Tz
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(Recovery Programme provides a firm basis for attracting tourists to an acces-) Tj
110 Tz
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(sible and biologically interesting conservation experiment; however, if the) Tj
109 Tz
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(scientific side of the recovery programme is to continue, funds will have to) Tj
110 Tz
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(be obtained from outside funding agencies, as it is unrealistic to expect the) Tj
108 Tz
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(ecotourism venture to pay for the scientific research programme once it has) Tj
104 Tz
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(to become self-sustaining.) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 183 Tm
(The severe storm of July 1998, which probably killed many juveniles, high-) Tj
113 Tz
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(lights the vulnerability of kakerori to catastrophic events such as tropical) Tj
103 Tz
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(cyclones.) Tj
109 Tz
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(We are starting to look at practical options for the long-term sur-) Tj
108 Tz
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(vival of kakerori, such as making a translocation to an island in the southern) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 128 Tm
(Cooks that is free of ship rats and preferably cats, especially if we can show) Tj
107 Tz
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(that kakerori pose no disease risk to birds naturally occurring on the possible) Tj
108 Tz
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(recipient islands. If a very severe cyclone hit Rarotonga and wiped out all or) Tj
110 Tz
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(most of the population, birds could be returned to the TCA from this insur-) Tj
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109 Tz
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(370 rather then 599 bait stations were used, with a consequent reduction in) Tj
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(labour - the distance travelled remained constant, but the number of stops to) Tj
106 Tz
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(service bait stations decreased, as did the size of the load of bait carried. The) Tj
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(with 3-4 weeks in most years. We felt that this prolonged period of high bait-) Tj
109 Tz
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(take was due to the high density of rats rather than the decreased density of) Tj
110 Tz
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(bait stations around the perimeter, but we intend to follow the same timing) Tj
108 Tz
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(of baiting and use of bait stations in spring 1999 to test this hypothesis.) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 623 Tm
(In 1998, we abandoned the experimental use of `Philproof' bait-hoppers be-) Tj
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(cause bait take was again low in 1997/98 and was ineffective for controlling) Tj
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108 Tz
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(1998\). This season we used only) Tj
112 Tz
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(standard Talon baits, rather than the tropical formulation baits which had) Tj
106 Tz
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(proven unattractive to rats in 1997/98 \(Robertson 1998, Robertson & Saul) Tj
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(in) Tj
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(press\).) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
110 Tz
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(scribing the experiment comparing the persistence and palatability of stand-) Tj
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(ard and tropical formulation baits \(Robertson & Saul) Tj
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(\(Saul) Tj
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(1998\).) Tj
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(4.3) Tj
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(\t) Tj
138 Tz
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(TCA LIAISON) Tj
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(I) Tj
113 Tz
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(attended two meetings of the Takitumu Conservation Area Project Co-) Tj
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(ordinating Committee \(landowners\) as a scientific adviser to the committee.) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 393 Tm
(We discussed options for the long-term community management of the con-) Tj
110 Tz
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(servation area, with the view to develop a sustainable income for the land-) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 366 Tm
(owners derived from ecotourism. The main attraction to international tour-) Tj
106 Tz
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(ists is undoubtedly the kakerori and its management programme, but the area) Tj
109 Tz
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(also hosts breeding populations of the other three species of native landbird) Tj
110 Tz
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(and four of the six species of seabird on Rarotonga, a fruit-bat colony, and) Tj
113 Tz
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(several rare shrubs and orchids. It seems logical and likely that when the) Tj
105 Tz
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(TCAP becomes self-supporting in 2001 \(South Pacific Biodiversity Conserva-) Tj
108 Tz
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(tion Programme funding ceases then\) that the 20% of profits being returned) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 268 Tm
(to the Kakerori Recovery Programme will be spent on the actual rat-poison-) Tj
112 Tz
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(ing programme, rather than the scientific recording of bait take and other) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 240 Tm
(experiments aimed at reducing poison and labour costs. Likewise, the re-) Tj
106 Tz
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(cording of kakerori nesting success and the annual census of birds \(the meas-) Tj
113 Tz
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(ures of the success of the rat-poisoning\) are unlikely to be funded by the) Tj
109 Tz
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(landowners, despite their acknowledgement that these have been critical in) Tj
108 Tz
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(developing the current management programme. If this very valuable scien-) Tj
111 Tz
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(tific element of the Kakerori Recovery Programme is to continue, funding) Tj
107 Tz
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(will have to be obtained from alternative sources.) Tj
152 Tz
1 0 0 1 132 108 Tm
(4.4) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 108 Tm
(OTHER) Tj
54 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 79 Tm
(I) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 186 78 Tm
(helped Ed Saul to do the annual census of the rare) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 423 78 Tm
(Habenaria) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 480 78 Tm
(orchid, which) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 64 Tm
(was flowering during my visit. The numbers were well down on previous) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 56 33 Tm
(6) Tj
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111 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 775 Tm
(storm did not cause much damage in the valleys, where most of the adults) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 761 Tm
(live, and their survival was again very good - only 2 \(2.8%\) out of 71 grey) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 747 Tm
(birds \(4+ years old\) could not be found \(assumed dead\). This year 10 \(12%\)) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 733 Tm
(of 82 orange/mixed birds \(1-3 years old\) had disappeared - see Robertson) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
98 Tz
1 0 0 1 536 732 Tm
(et) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 719 Tm
(al. 1993 for details on determining the age of kakerori\). The overall adult) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 706 Tm
(survivorship remains outstandingly high, with 20 of the 29 birds alive in spring) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 692 Tm
(1989 still alive in spring 1998, and three grey birds banded by Rod Hay and) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 678 Tm
(Gerald McCormack in 1984 are at least 18 years old! This study has con-) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 664 Tm
(firmed that some birds in the tropical and temperate southern hemisphere) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 650 Tm
(\(including New Zealand\) have quite different life-history strategies than those) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 636 Tm
(in the northern hemisphere, where most ecological theory has developed.) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 608 Tm
(We followed up reports from local landowners that they had seen kakerori in) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 595 Tm
(a nearby valley, and as soon as we reached suitable habitat in that valley we) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 581 Tm
(discovered two pairs of birds. We had searched two intervening valleys be-) Tj
95 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 568 Tm
(t) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 184 567 Tm
(ween the TCA and the new valley each year since 1995, but had not come) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 553 Tm
(across any birds, and so had not extended our search further. Checks on other) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 539 Tm
(nearby valleys failed to reveal any further birds. None of the four birds \(3) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 525 Tm
(grey \(4+ years old\) and one yearling\) was banded and so we do not know) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 511 Tm
(whether they are the remnant of a former population, or whether this popu-) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 497 Tm
(lation formed as a result of yearlings \(therefore unbanded\) dispersing from) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 483 Tm
(the TCA. We also found an old nest from the 1997/98 season in one of the) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 470 Tm
(territories, and so at least one of the pairs had been resident for some time) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 456 Tm
(before they were first seen. We are trying to contact locals who may have) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 443 Tm
(visited the valley to collect i'i) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 325 442 Tm
(\(Inocarpus fagifer\)) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 422 441 Tm
(fruit to find out how long) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 428 Tm
(the birds have been resident. We caught and individually colour-banded all) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 414 Tm
(four birds and will monitor them in future years. This brings the total popu-) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 400 Tm
(lation of kakerori known in August 1999 to a minimum of 164 birds.) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 372 Tm
(The census is becoming more difficult and time-consuming as the population) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 359 Tm
(has increased; however, we are lucky that, apart from the new population) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 345 Tm
(discovered this year, the range of the birds has increased only marginally since) Tj
1 0 0 1 182 331 Tm
(1989. Ed Saul, Anna Tiraa and I mist-netted and colour-banded eight of the 22) Tj
102 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 317 Tm
(yearlings plus four older birds \(three 2-year olds and a 3-year old\). This brought) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 303 Tm
(the number of colour-banded birds to 108 \(67%\) of the 160 birds in the TCA,) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 288 Tm
(or 114 \(68%\) of the 164 birds, which enables the annual roll-call and census) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 275 Tm
(to be reasonably accurate, although somewhat conservative.) Tj
152 Tz
1 0 0 1 133 227 Tm
(4.2) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
137 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 226 Tm
(RAT CONTROL) Tj
81 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 198 Tm
(I) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 188 197 Tm
(helped to design the 1998/99 rat control programme. Because we saw an) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 183 Tm
(unusually high number of rats \(more than a dozen\) out during daylight hours) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 169 Tm
(during the August census, it was likely that the rat population was very high,) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 155 Tm
(and so we decided to start the poisoning a fortnight earlier than in 1997. We) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 141 Tm
(redesigned the routes to be taken on the poisoning rounds so that the perim-) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 128 Tm
(eter of all the valleys \(the ridge tops and some leading spurs\) was done as a) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 114 Tm
(single long round, and then the three valley circuits were done separately. At) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 100 Tm
(the same time, we also reduced the bait station density on the perimeter cir-) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 85 Tm
(cuit from 1 station/25 m \(or closer in places\) to 1 station/50 m, because we) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 71 Tm
(felt that some rats were probably visiting multiple bait stations and so eating) Tj
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 538 29 Tm
(5) Tj
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108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 776 Tm
(ber, and more recently a conservation volunteer and part-time staff member) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 762 Tm
(of the Cook Islands Environment Service, is the part-time technical adviser to) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 748 Tm
(the project. Mataiti Mataiti was been appointed as an ecotour guide in 1998,) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 734 Tm
(and helped this season with the annual census, the rat poisoning programme) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 721 Tm
(and the nest monitoring work.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
85 Tz
1 0 0 1 134 660 Tm
(2.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
85 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 660 Tm
(I) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 190 659 Tm
(mplementation and results:) Tj
100 Tz
1 0 0 1 183 632 Tm
(1987-1997) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 588 Tm
(In 1987 the kakerori population stood at 38 birds, but it fell to 36 in 1988,) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 574 Tm
(and to 29 in 1989, and at that rate of population decline, a population viabil-) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 560 Tm
(ity analysis showed that there was a 78% chance that kakerori would be ex-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 546 Tm
(tinct by 1999. An intensive programme of rat poisoning and nest protection) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 532 Tm
(began in spring 1989, and the kakerori population had recovered to 153 birds) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 518 Tm
(by 1997.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 134 458 Tm
(3.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 457 Tm
(Aims of 1998 visit) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 411 Tm
(The aims of my visit in August-September 1998 were to carry out a detailed) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 397 Tm
(pre-breeding season population assessment, to colour-band as many birds as) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 383 Tm
(possible to aid with the annual "roll-call" of birds, to help design the 1998/99) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 370 Tm
(field programme which is being done by staff of the Takitumu Conservation) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 356 Tm
(Area Project, to develop a long-term sustainable management programme in) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 342 Tm
(the Takitumu Conservation Area as part of SPREP's South Pacific Biodiversity) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 328 Tm
(Conservation Programme, and to train local staff in field techniques.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
95 Tz
1 0 0 1 133 267 Tm
(4.) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 266 Tm
(Results: August 1998) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
145 Tz
1 0 0 1 133 221 Tm
(4.1) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 221 Tm
(KAKERORI) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 192 Tm
(The Kakerori Recovery Programme was again very successful in 1996/97, with) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 177 Tm
(a minimum of 22 yearlings being recruited into the population. Although this) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 163 Tm
(figure was slightly down on the previous year \(24 yearlings\), it was sufficient) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 150 Tm
(to help the population increase from 153 birds to 160, a 5% increase. The) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 136 Tm
(number of yearlings found was disappointing given that a record 39+ fledg-) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 122 Tm
(lings had been raised in the 1997/98 breeding season. A very severe and sud-) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 109 Tm
(den storm hit Rarotonga at night in late July, and caused more damage to trees) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 94 Tm
(in the TCA than during any tropical cyclone in the last decade. Storm damage) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 80 Tm
(was especially evident on the ridges, which are mainly frequented by juvenile) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 66 Tm
(birds, and so we surmise that many yearlings died during this storm. This) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 56 33 Tm
(4) Tj
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96 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 777 Tm
(4.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 208 776 Tm
(To describe the habitats used by kakerori, and determine the relation-) Tj
1 0 0 1 209 762 Tm
(ship between habitat features and the distribution of kakerori.) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 735 Tm
(5.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 208 735 Tm
(To develop and implement a programme of public education, aware-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 721 Tm
(ness and participation, where appropriate, in the kakerori conservation) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 708 Tm
(programme.) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 680 Tm
(6.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 208 680 Tm
(To encourage the protection of the kakerori, by creating a suitable re-) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 666 Tm
(serve, and developing appropriate national and international policies) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 652 Tm
(regarding scientific collection or trade in kakerori, and the importation) Tj
1 0 0 1 209 638 Tm
(of wildlife \(and hence potential diseases\) into the Cook Islands.) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 610 Tm
(Our 'unofficial' aim was to have over 100 birds by the year 2000.) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 583 Tm
(The Kakerori Recovery Plan was updated in 1995 in a Cook Islands Environ-) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 569 Tm
(ment Service document \(Saul 1995\). This re-affirmed the above aims, but ex-) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 555 Tm
(panded on aim \(3\) by promoting a feasibility study into the possibility of) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 541 Tm
(translocating kakerori to another island in the southern Cooks which is free) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 527 Tm
(of ship rats \(e.g., Aitutaki or Atiu\).) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 499 Tm
(In 1996, SPREP adopted a joint proposal from the new Ministry of Works, En-) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 485 Tm
(vironment and Physical Planning of the Cook Islands Government and the) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 472 Tm
(Takitumu Conservation Area Co-ordinating Committee \(representatives of the) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 458 Tm
(three customary land-owning families involved\) that a 155 ha area of the south-) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 444 Tm
(ern part of Rarotonga, which is the home of the kakerori, be adopted as a) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 430 Tm
(Conservation Area as part of the South Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Pro-) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 416 Tm
(gramme. The goal of the project on the Takitumu Conservation Area \(TCA\) is) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 402 Tm
("to conserve the Conservation Area's biodiversity for the benefit and enjoy-) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 388 Tm
(ment of present and future generations on Rarotonga". More immediate ob-) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 374 Tm
(j) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 185 374 Tm
(ectives are:) Tj
84 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 347 Tm
(1.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 347 Tm
(To develop partnership arrangements between government, landown-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 333 Tm
(ers, NGOs and others for effective management and sustainable use of) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 319 Tm
(biodiversity in the TCA.) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 291 Tm
(2.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 290 Tm
(To develop and implement management plans for the wise management) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 277 Tm
(and use of biodiversity with the TCA.) Tj
84 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 249 Tm
(3.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 249 Tm
(To raise public awareness about the importance of and means for con-) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 235 Tm
(servation of biodiversity in the TCA.) Tj
84 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 208 Tm
(4.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 207 Tm
(To promote, implement and support sustainable economic activities by) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 193 Tm
(communities associated with the TCA.) Tj
84 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 165 Tm
(5.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 208 165 Tm
(To develop, as appropriate, a model for the implementation of Conser-) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 151 Tm
(vation Areas in other parts of Rarotonga and the Cook Islands.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 123 Tm
(The project is expected to run for 5 years to 2001, and is being funded by) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 110 Tm
(SPREP. Anna Tiraa, the Conservation Area support officer for the past 3 years) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 95 Tm
(has left the Cook Islands and her place has been taken by Ian Karika, a mem-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 81 Tm
(ber of one of the land-owning families and former chairman of the landown-) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 67 Tm
(ers' committee. Ed Saul, former Wildlife Service officer and DSIR staff mem-) Tj
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 540 31 Tm
(3) Tj
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106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 776 Tm
(I attended two meetings of the Takitumu Conservation Area Project Commit-) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 762 Tm
(tee \(landowners\) and discussed options for managing the conservation area,) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 748 Tm
(with the view to developing a sustainable income for the landowners derived) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 734 Tm
(from ecotourism.) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 707 Tm
(I recommend continued involvement in this very successful conservation pro-) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 693 Tm
(gramme, which has not only helped to conserve the kakerori, but which can) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 679 Tm
(be used as a model for tackling similar conservation problems in New Zea-) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 665 Tm
(land and elsewhere in the Pacific. This project also provides a model for com-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 650 Tm
(munity involvement in the sustainable development of a conservation area,) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 637 Tm
(and much interest in the Pacific is focused on its success to date.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
85 Tz
1 0 0 1 135 577 Tm
(1.) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 577 Tm
(Background) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 529 Tm
(In a review of the bird conservation problems in the South Pacific, commis-) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 516 Tm
(sioned by SPREP and the International Council for Bird Preservation in the) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 502 Tm
(early 1980s, Hay \(1986\) identified the kakerori, or Rarotonga flycatcher) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 488 Tm
(\(Pomarea dimidiata\),) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 289 488 Tm
(as one of the species most urgently in need of conser-) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 475 Tm
(vation management \(Robertson) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 335 475 Tm
(et al.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 364 474 Tm
(1994\). This small flycatcher, which is) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 461 Tm
(endemic to Rarotonga, was critically at risk of extinction.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 433 Tm
(As a result of a study between September 1987 and January 1988, Rod Hay) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 419 Tm
(and Hugh Robertson reported to the Cook Islands Conservation Service \(CICS\)) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 404 Tm
(and SPREP that ship rats were having a very detrimental effect on the breed-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 391 Tm
(ing of kakerori, and that cats were likely to be predators of recently fledged) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 377 Tm
(j) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 185 377 Tm
(uveniles and adult birds. The report provided a draft plan for the recovery of) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 363 Tm
(the kakerori, with recommendations on a cost-effective recovery programme) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 349 Tm
(and scientific study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of this work.) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 322 Tm
(The draft recovery plan was adopted by the CICS and SPREP \(Project PA 12\)) Tj
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 307 Tm
(in July 1988, to be implemented by DSIR Ecology, the CICS and SPREP. Subse-) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 293 Tm
(quently, both Hugh Robertson and Rod Hay shifted from DSIR to the Depart-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 279 Tm
(ment of Conservation. The Department has continued to provide some sup-) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 265 Tm
(port to Hugh Robertson for the ongoing field and education programme.) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 238 Tm
(The original objectives of the recovery plan \(from Robertson) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
102 Tz
1 0 0 1 465 237 Tm
(et al.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 491 237 Tm
(1994\) were:) Tj
84 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 211 Tm
(1.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 210 Tm
(To monitor, on an annual basis, the dynamics of the kakerori population) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 196 Tm
(on Rarotonga.) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 169 Tm
(2.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 168 Tm
(To research, develop and implement an effective predator \(rat and feral) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 154 Tm
(cat\) control programme; this would include an assessment of rat popu-) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 140 Tm
(lations in relation to kakerori distribution.) Tj
84 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 112 Tm
(3.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
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(Environment Service, and more recently the Takitumu Conservation Area) Tj
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(Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Programme.) Tj
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(I) Tj
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(Robertson, H.A., 2000.) Tj
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(Conservation of kakerori) Tj
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(\(Pomarea dimidiata\),) Tj
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(272, Department of Conservation, Wellington.) Tj
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(Keywords: kakerori, Rarotongan flycatcher, conservation,) Tj
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2007-11-21T11:45:53Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2007-11-21T13:25:56+13:00
2007-11-21T13:25:56+13:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
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Conservation of kakerori (Pomarea dimidiata), Rarotonga
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H A Robertson
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/T1_0 28 Tf
181 769 Td
(Summary)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
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(The Department of Conservation has assisted the Cook Islands Conservatio\
n/)Tj
111 Tz 0 -13 TD
(Environment Service, and more recently the Takitumu Conservation Area)Tj
112 Tz 0 -14 TD
(Project, to plan and implement a recovery programme for the endangered)Tj
110 Tz 1 -14 Td
(endemic forest bird, the kakerori. In November 1995, I received a grant \
of)Tj
103 Tz T*
($32,000 from the Pacific Development and Conservation Trust \(PDCT\) to \
help)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(i)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(mplement the Kakerori Recovery Programme and get the programme to the)Tj
103 Tz 1 -14 Td
(stage where it is self-sufficient. In 1996, the 155 ha area of southern \
Rarotonga)Tj
111 Tz -1 -14 Td
(which is occupied by kakerori was adopted by the South Pacific Regional)Tj
105 Tz T*
(Environment Programme \(SPREP\) as a Conservation Area as part of its So\
uth)Tj
106 Tz T*
(Pacific Biodiversity Conservation Programme.)Tj
108 Tz 228 0 Td
(Management of the area has)Tj
104 Tz -228 -13 Td
(been passed from the Environment Service to the Takitumu Conservation Ar\
ea)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(Project \(TCAP\). The aim of the project is to manage the area as a cons\
erva-)Tj
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(tion area in which ecotourism will generate income for the local landown\
ers.)Tj
110 Tz 1 -28 Td
(In 1989, the kakerori was classified as `critically endangered' \(Collar\
et al.)Tj
109 Tz 1 -14 Td
(1994\) as the population had declined to just 29 birds because of nest p\
reda-)Tj
104 Tz -1 -14 Td
(tion by rats. Between 8 and 29 August 1998, I worked with Anna Tiraa and\
Ed)Tj
103 Tz T*
(Saul of the TCAP to carry out a population census, colour-band as many y\
oung)Tj
110 Tz T*
(kakerori as possible, plan the 1998/99 field programme, and liaise with \
the)Tj
109 Tz 0 -13 TD
(landowners who run the conservation area project.)Tj
104 Tz 0 -29 TD
(During the August 1998 census we counted 160 birds in the TCA, and we al\
so)Tj
106 Tz 0 -13 TD
(found two pairs in a previously unexplored valley, about 1)Tj
104 Tz 280 -1 Td
(km from the near-)Tj
-280 -13 Td
(est known bird. We individually colour-banded these four birds and will \
moni-)Tj
111 Tz 0 -14 TD
(tor them in future years. In the TCA, we individually colour-banded eigh\
t)Tj
107 Tz T*
(yearlings, three second-year birds and one third-year bird, and recaptur\
ed an)Tj
106 Tz T*
(adult bird. Of the 160 birds seen in the TCA in August 1998, 108 \(68%\)\
were)Tj
108 Tz T*
(colour-banded. The 5% population increase from 1997 to 1998 was modest,)Tj
106 Tz 0 -13 TD
(mainly due to poor recruitment of yearlings. Annual adult survival was a\
gain)Tj
105 Tz 0 -15 TD
(over 90% \(92.2%\), but from a minimum of 39 fledglings raised in the 19\
97/98)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(breeding season, only 22 yearlings were positively identified in August \
1998,)Tj
108 Tz T*
(whereas from previous survivorship data we expected that there would hav\
e)Tj
111 Tz T*
(been about 34 yearlings. A very severe and sudden storm hit Rarotonga at\
)Tj
104 Tz T*
(night in late July, and caused more damage to trees in theTCA than durin\
g any)Tj
108 Tz 0 -13 TD
(tropical cyclone in the last decade. Storm damage was especially evident\
on)Tj
107 Tz 0 -14 TD
(the ridges, which are mainly frequented by juvenile birds, and so we sur\
mise)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(that many yearlings died during this storm.)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
112 Tz 1 -29 Td
(I )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(recommended modifications to the rat control programme to try to give)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(better protection of Kakerori, to reduce costs of labour and poison bait\
s, and)Tj
109 Tz T*
(to reduce the use of poison baits. The new programme involved starting t\
he)Tj
111 Tz 0 -13 TD
(poisoning a fortnight earlier than usual, redesigning the route taken on\
the)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(baiting rounds to make them more efficient, and lowering the density of \
bait)Tj
113 Tz T*
(stations on the perimeter of the control area. The use of bait hoppers a\
nd)Tj
109 Tz T*
(tropical formulation baits was discontinued due to the poor results obta\
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107 Tz T*
(in 1997/98.)Tj
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(1)Tj
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106 Tz 180 776 Td
(I attended two meetings of the Takitumu Conservation Area Project Commit\
-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(tee \(landowners\) and discussed options for managing the conservation a\
rea,)Tj
107 Tz T*
(with the view to developing a sustainable income for the landowners deri\
ved)Tj
T*
(from ecotourism.)Tj
105 Tz 1 -27 Td
(I recommend continued involvement in this very successful conservation p\
ro-)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(gramme, which has not only helped to conserve the kakerori, but which ca\
n)Tj
109 Tz T*
(be used as a model for tackling similar conservation problems in New Zea\
-)Tj
105 Tz 1 -14 Td
(land and elsewhere in the Pacific. This project also provides a model fo\
r com-)Tj
109 Tz 0 -15 TD
(munity involvement in the sustainable development of a conservation area\
,)Tj
108 Tz -1 -13 Td
(and much interest in the Pacific is focused on its success to date.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
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(1.)Tj
103 Tz 46 0 Td
(Background)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 0 -48 TD
(In a review of the bird conservation problems in the South Pacific, comm\
is-)Tj
0 -13 TD
(sioned by SPREP and the International Council for Bird Preservation in t\
he)Tj
114 Tz 0 -14 TD
(early 1980s, Hay \(1986\) identified the kakerori, or Rarotonga flycatch\
er)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
112 Tz T*
(\(Pomarea dimidiata\),)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
107 Tz 108 0 Td
(as one of the species most urgently in need of conser-)Tj
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(vation management \(Robertson)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
111 Tz 154 0 Td
(et al.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
107 Tz 29 -1 Td
(1994\). This small flycatcher, which is)Tj
-183 -13 Td
(endemic to Rarotonga, was critically at risk of extinction.)Tj
109 Tz 0 -28 TD
(As a result of a study between September 1987 and January 1988, Rod Hay)Tj
103 Tz 0 -14 TD
(and Hugh Robertson reported to the Cook Islands Conservation Service \(C\
ICS\))Tj
106 Tz 0 -15 TD
(and SPREP that ship rats were having a very detrimental effect on the br\
eed-)Tj
109 Tz 0 -13 TD
(ing of kakerori, and that cats were likely to be predators of recently f\
ledged)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(j)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(uveniles and adult birds. The report provided a draft plan for the recov\
ery of)Tj
107 Tz T*
(the kakerori, with recommendations on a cost-effective recovery programm\
e)Tj
T*
(and scientific study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of this work.)Tj
105 Tz 0 -27 TD
(The draft recovery plan was adopted by the CICS and SPREP \(Project PA 1\
2\))Tj
101 Tz 0 -15 TD
(in July 1988, to be implemented by DSIR Ecology, the CICS and SPREP. Sub\
se-)Tj
105 Tz 0 -14 TD
(quently, both Hugh Robertson and Rod Hay shifted from DSIR to the Depart\
-)Tj
109 Tz T*
(ment of Conservation. The Department has continued to provide some sup-)Tj
108 Tz T*
(port to Hugh Robertson for the ongoing field and education programme.)Tj
104 Tz 0 -27 TD
(The original objectives of the recovery plan \(from Robertson)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
102 Tz 284 -1 Td
(et al.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
101 Tz 26 0 Td
(1994\) were:)Tj
84 Tz -309 -26 Td
(1.)Tj
2000 Tz -182 630 Td
(\t)Tj
105 Tz 209 -631 Td
(To monitor, on an annual basis, the dynamics of the kakerori population)Tj
103 Tz 1 -14 Td
(on Rarotonga.)Tj
96 Tz -29 -27 Td
(2.)Tj
2000 Tz -181 672 Td
(\t)Tj
106 Tz 209 -673 Td
(To research, develop and implement an effective predator \(rat and feral\
)Tj
107 Tz 1 -14 Td
(cat\) control programme; this would include an assessment of rat popu-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(lations in relation to kakerori distribution.)Tj
84 Tz -29 -28 Td
(3.)Tj
2000 Tz -181 729 Td
(\t)Tj
108 Tz 209 -728 Td
(To research, develop and implement, where appropriate, a programme)Tj
105 Tz 0 -15 TD
(of managing the kakerori population by protecting nests, providing sup-)Tj
107 Tz 0 -14 TD
(plementary food, and as a last resort by translocation or captive breed-\
)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
94 Tz T*
(i)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(ng.)Tj
72 Tz -152 -38 Td
(2)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
177 0 obj
<>stream
BT
0 0 0 rg
/T1_0 11 Tf
111 Tz 181 775 Td
(storm did not cause much damage in the valleys, where most of the adults\
)Tj
110 Tz 0 -14 TD
(live, and their survival was again very good - only 2 \(2.8%\) out of 71\
grey)Tj
108 Tz T*
(birds \(4+ years old\) could not be found \(assumed dead\). This year 10\
\(12%\))Tj
107 Tz T*
(of 82 orange/mixed birds \(1-3 years old\) had disappeared - see Roberts\
on)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
98 Tz 355 -1 Td
(et)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
112 Tz -355 -13 Td
(al. 1993 for details on determining the age of kakerori\). The overall a\
dult)Tj
103 Tz 0 -13 TD
(survivorship remains outstandingly high, with 20 of the 29 birds alive i\
n spring)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(1989 still alive in spring 1998, and three grey birds banded by Rod Hay \
and)Tj
112 Tz -1 -14 Td
(Gerald McCormack in 1984 are at least 18 years old! This study has con-)Tj
-1 -14 Td
(firmed that some birds in the tropical and temperate southern hemisphere\
)Tj
105 Tz 1 -14 Td
(\(including New Zealand\) have quite different life-history strategies t\
han those)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(in the northern hemisphere, where most ecological theory has developed.)Tj
107 Tz -1 -28 Td
(We followed up reports from local landowners that they had seen kakerori\
in)Tj
108 Tz 0 -13 TD
(a nearby valley, and as soon as we reached suitable habitat in that vall\
ey we)Tj
109 Tz 1 -14 Td
(discovered two pairs of birds. We had searched two intervening valleys b\
e-)Tj
95 Tz -1 -13 Td
(t)Tj
109 Tz 4 -1 Td
(ween the TCA and the new valley each year since 1995, but had not come)Tj
106 Tz -4 -14 Td
(across any birds, and so had not extended our search further. Checks on \
other)Tj
111 Tz 1 -14 Td
(nearby valleys failed to reveal any further birds. None of the four bird\
s \(3)Tj
112 Tz 0 -14 TD
(grey \(4+ years old\) and one yearling\) was banded and so we do not kno\
w)Tj
109 Tz T*
(whether they are the remnant of a former population, or whether this pop\
u-)Tj
T*
(lation formed as a result of yearlings \(therefore unbanded\) dispersing\
from)Tj
110 Tz T*
(the TCA. We also found an old nest from the 1997/98 season in one of the\
)Tj
111 Tz 0 -13 TD
(territories, and so at least one of the pairs had been resident for some\
time)Tj
0 -14 TD
(before they were first seen. We are trying to contact locals who may hav\
e)Tj
108 Tz -1 -13 Td
(visited the valley to collect i'i)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
111 Tz 145 -1 Td
(\(Inocarpus fagifer\))Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
109 Tz 97 -1 Td
(fruit to find out how long)Tj
-241 -13 Td
(the birds have been resident. We caught and individually colour-banded a\
ll)Tj
108 Tz T*
(four birds and will monitor them in future years. This brings the total \
popu-)Tj
106 Tz T*
(lation of kakerori known in August 1999 to a minimum of 164 birds.)Tj
-1 -28 Td
(The census is becoming more difficult and time-consuming as the populati\
on)Tj
111 Tz 1 -13 Td
(has increased; however, we are lucky that, apart from the new population\
)Tj
104 Tz T*
(discovered this year, the range of the birds has increased only marginal\
ly since)Tj
1 -14 Td
(1989. Ed Saul, Anna Tiraa and I mist-netted and colour-banded eight of t\
he 22)Tj
102 Tz -2 -14 Td
(yearlings plus four older birds \(three 2-year olds and a 3-year old\). \
This brought)Tj
106 Tz T*
(the number of colour-banded birds to 108 \(67%\) of the 160 birds in the\
TCA,)Tj
108 Tz 0 -15 TD
(or 114 \(68%\) of the 164 birds, which enables the annual roll-call and \
census)Tj
0 -13 TD
(to be reasonably accurate, although somewhat conservative.)Tj
152 Tz -47 -48 Td
(4.2)Tj
2000 Tz -133 614 Td
(\t)Tj
137 Tz 180 -615 Td
(RAT CONTROL)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
110 Tz 0 -29 TD
(I )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(helped to design the 1998/99 rat control programme. Because we saw an)Tj
107 Tz 0 -14 TD
(unusually high number of rats \(more than a dozen\) out during daylight \
hours)Tj
T*
(during the August census, it was likely that the rat population was very\
high,)Tj
108 Tz T*
(and so we decided to start the poisoning a fortnight earlier than in 199\
7. We)Tj
T*
(redesigned the routes to be taken on the poisoning rounds so that the pe\
rim-)Tj
0 -13 TD
(eter of all the valleys \(the ridge tops and some leading spurs\) was do\
ne as a)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(single long round, and then the three valley circuits were done separate\
ly. At)Tj
109 Tz -1 -14 Td
(the same time, we also reduced the bait station density on the perimeter\
cir-)Tj
1 -15 Td
(cuit from 1 station/25 m \(or closer in places\) to 1 station/50 m, beca\
use we)Tj
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(felt that some rats were probably visiting multiple bait stations and so\
eating)Tj
72 Tz 359 -42 Td
(5)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
193 0 obj
<>stream
BT
0 0 0 rg
/T1_0 11 Tf
112 Tz 180 775 Td
(many times a lethal dose before succumbing to the toxin. This meant that\
)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(370 rather then 599 bait stations were used, with a consequent reduction\
in)Tj
107 Tz 0 -13 TD
(labour - the distance travelled remained constant, but the number of sto\
ps to)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(service bait stations decreased, as did the size of the load of bait car\
ried. The)Tj
108 Tz T*
(total amount of bait used was actually very similar to that used the pre\
vious)Tj
T*
(year because bait-take remained at over 50% for at least 6 weeks compare\
d)Tj
106 Tz T*
(with 3-4 weeks in most years. We felt that this prolonged period of high\
bait-)Tj
109 Tz T*
(take was due to the high density of rats rather than the decreased densi\
ty of)Tj
110 Tz T*
(bait stations around the perimeter, but we intend to follow the same tim\
ing)Tj
108 Tz T*
(of baiting and use of bait stations in spring 1999 to test this hypothes\
is.)Tj
0 -27 TD
(In 1998, we abandoned the experimental use of `Philproof' bait-hoppers b\
e-)Tj
0 -14 TD
(cause bait take was again low in 1997/98 and was ineffective for control\
ling)Tj
0 -13 TD
(rats in this field situation \(Robertson)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
111 Tz 180 -1 Td
(et al.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 28 0 Td
(1998\). This season we used only)Tj
112 Tz -208 -14 Td
(standard Talon baits, rather than the tropical formulation baits which h\
ad)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(proven unattractive to rats in 1997/98 \(Robertson 1998, Robertson & Sau\
l)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
105 Tz 354 -1 Td
(in)Tj
109 Tz -356 -12 Td
(press\).)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
110 Tz 40 -1 Td
(During my visit, Ed Saul and I worked on a management paper de-)Tj
108 Tz -38 -14 Td
(scribing the experiment comparing the persistence and palatability of st\
and-)Tj
106 Tz 0 -13 TD
(ard and tropical formulation baits \(Robertson & Saul)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
111 Tz 253 -1 Td
(in press\),)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
103 Tz 48 0 Td
(and made mi-)Tj
110 Tz -301 -13 Td
(nor modifications to a scientific paper on the breeding biology of kaker\
ori)Tj
98 Tz T*
(\(Saul)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
106 Tz 26 0 Td
(et al.)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
101 Tz ( 1998\).)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
152 Tz -73 -49 Td
(4.3)Tj
2000 Tz -133 391 Td
(\t)Tj
138 Tz 180 -392 Td
(TCA LIAISON)Tj
81 Tz 0 -28 TD
(I)Tj
113 Tz 9 0 Td
(attended two meetings of the Takitumu Conservation Area Project Co-)Tj
108 Tz -9 -14 Td
(ordinating Committee \(landowners\) as a scientific adviser to the commi\
ttee.)Tj
0 -14 TD
(We discussed options for the long-term community management of the con-)Tj
110 Tz T*
(servation area, with the view to develop a sustainable income for the la\
nd-)Tj
0 -13 TD
(owners derived from ecotourism. The main attraction to international tou\
r-)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(ists is undoubtedly the kakerori and its management programme, but the a\
rea)Tj
109 Tz T*
(also hosts breeding populations of the other three species of native lan\
dbird)Tj
110 Tz 0 -15 TD
(and four of the six species of seabird on Rarotonga, a fruit-bat colony,\
and)Tj
113 Tz 0 -14 TD
(several rare shrubs and orchids. It seems logical and likely that when t\
he)Tj
105 Tz T*
(TCAP becomes self-supporting in 2001 \(South Pacific Biodiversity Conser\
va-)Tj
108 Tz T*
(tion Programme funding ceases then\) that the 20% of profits being retur\
ned)Tj
0 -13 TD
(to the Kakerori Recovery Programme will be spent on the actual rat-poiso\
n-)Tj
112 Tz 0 -14 TD
(ing programme, rather than the scientific recording of bait take and oth\
er)Tj
T*
(experiments aimed at reducing poison and labour costs. Likewise, the re-\
)Tj
106 Tz T*
(cording of kakerori nesting success and the annual census of birds \(the\
meas-)Tj
113 Tz T*
(ures of the success of the rat-poisoning\) are unlikely to be funded by \
the)Tj
109 Tz T*
(landowners, despite their acknowledgement that these have been critical \
in)Tj
108 Tz T*
(developing the current management programme. If this very valuable scien\
-)Tj
111 Tz T*
(tific element of the Kakerori Recovery Programme is to continue, funding\
)Tj
107 Tz T*
(will have to be obtained from alternative sources.)Tj
152 Tz -48 -48 Td
(4.4)Tj
131 Tz 48 0 Td
(OTHER)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
105 Tz 0 -30 TD
(I )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(helped Ed Saul to do the annual census of the rare)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
116 Tz 243.734 0 Td
(Habenaria)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
103 Tz 57 0 Td
(orchid, which)Tj
112 Tz -301.734 -14 Td
(was flowering during my visit. The numbers were well down on previous)Tj
90 Tz -123 -31 Td
(6)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
194 0 obj
<>stream
BT
0 0 0 rg
/T1_0 11 Tf
105 Tz 180 777 Td
(annual counts, but it is unclear yet if this is part of a natural cycle \
in numbers,)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(or if there is a serious problem with the species.)Tj
107 Tz 0 -27 TD
(During searches for kakerori in valleys outside the TCA, I was impressed\
by)Tj
105 Tz 0 -14 TD
(the paucity of lizards. In the TCA, where rats have been poisoned for up\
to 10)Tj
108 Tz T*
(years, ground-dwelling lizards are extremely common, and virtually alway\
s)Tj
105 Tz T*
(one or more is in sight. In valleys about 1 km from the TCA area, I saw \
only a)Tj
106 Tz T*
(handful of lizards all day. It therefore seems likely that lizards have \
also ben-)Tj
113 Tz T*
(efited from the reduction in the numbers of rats and cats in the TCA as \
a)Tj
108 Tz 0 -13 TD
(result of the rat poisoning programme.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
85 Tz -46 -60 Td
(5.)Tj
2000 Tz -134 248 Td
(\t)Tj
106 Tz 180 -248 Td
(The future)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
111 Tz 0 -47 TD
(The aim of building kakerori numbers up to 100 by the end of the century\
)Tj
106 Tz 0 -15 TD
(has already been achieved and we are now aiming at 200 birds by 2000. Co\
n-)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(tinued population growth seems assured with the injection of support to \
the)Tj
102 Tz 0 -13 TD
(project from the Pacific Development and Conservation Trust and from SPR\
EP,)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(at least until 2001. We have applied to BirdLife International to downgr\
ade)Tj
107 Tz T*
(the threatened status of )Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
( )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(kakerori from `critically endangered' to `endangered')Tj
110 Tz 0 -13 TD
(for their next edition of)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
103 Tz 117 0 Td
(Birds to Watch.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
-117 -28 Td
(We are still trying to refine the ongoing rat control programme, mainly \
through)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(experiments aimed at minimising the labour and poison costs, and minimis\
-)Tj
109 Tz -1 -15 Td
(ing the amount of poison put into the environment each year. In 1999/200\
0)Tj
107 Tz 1 -13 Td
(season we plan to try to make the remaining tropical formulation Talon b\
aits)Tj
114 Tz -1 -14 Td
(more palatable by dipping them in coconut oil in an attempt to mask the)Tj
106 Tz T*
(flavour that rats clearly dislike.)Tj
105 Tz 0 -29 TD
(The Takitumu Conservation Area Project, as a community-based and ecologi\
-)Tj
111 Tz 0 -14 TD
(cally sustainable conservation venture, is very exciting, and is providi\
ng a)Tj
110 Tz T*
(good model for the integrated management of ecotourism and biodiversity)Tj
111 Tz T*
(conservation in the South Pacific. The continuing success of the Kakeror\
i)Tj
106 Tz T*
(Recovery Programme provides a firm basis for attracting tourists to an a\
cces-)Tj
110 Tz T*
(sible and biologically interesting conservation experiment; however, if \
the)Tj
109 Tz 0 -13 TD
(scientific side of the recovery programme is to continue, funds will hav\
e to)Tj
110 Tz 0 -14 TD
(be obtained from outside funding agencies, as it is unrealistic to expec\
t the)Tj
108 Tz T*
(ecotourism venture to pay for the scientific research programme once it \
has)Tj
104 Tz T*
(to become self-sustaining.)Tj
108 Tz 0 -29 TD
(The severe storm of July 1998, which probably killed many juveniles, hig\
h-)Tj
113 Tz 0 -14 TD
(lights the vulnerability of kakerori to catastrophic events such as trop\
ical)Tj
103 Tz 0 -13 TD
(cyclones.)Tj
109 Tz 49 0 Td
(We are starting to look at practical options for the long-term sur-)Tj
108 Tz -50 -14 Td
(vival of kakerori, such as making a translocation to an island in the so\
uthern)Tj
1 -14 Td
(Cooks that is free of ship rats and preferably cats, especially if we ca\
n show)Tj
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(that kakerori pose no disease risk to birds naturally occurring on the p\
ossible)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(recipient islands. If a very severe cyclone hit Rarotonga and wiped out \
all or)Tj
110 Tz T*
(most of the population, birds could be returned to the TCA from this ins\
ur-)Tj
0 -15 TD
(ance population. Some of the landowners are concerned that they could no\
)Tj
72 Tz 359 -39 Td
(7)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
207 0 obj
<>stream
BT
0 0 0 rg
/T1_0 11 Tf
110 Tz 180 778 Td
(longer claim to have the only population of kakerori in the world, and t\
hat)Tj
105 Tz 0 -15 TD
(ecotourists might bypass the TCA to see kakerori on another island. The \
TCA)Tj
107 Tz 0 -13 TD
(population would remain the only natural population, however, and the TC\
A)Tj
0 -14 TD
(is very accessible to tourists as the international airport is on Raroto\
nga, and)Tj
T*
(so all ecotourists \(bar a few yachties\) must pass through Rarotonga. T\
he cur-)Tj
109 Tz T*
(rent Kakerori Recovery Plan runs out in the year 2000, and revision of t\
his)Tj
105 Tz 0 -13 TD
(plan should address some of these issues and highlight future innovative\
man-)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(agement options.)Tj
105 Tz 0 -28 TD
(The technology developed during the Kakerori Recovery Programme has now)Tj
106 Tz 0 -15 TD
(been exported to French Polynesia, where members of the French Polynesia\
n)Tj
104 Tz 0 -13 TD
(Ornithological Society,)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
109 Tz 111 0 Td
(Manu,)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
35 -1 Td
(have started management of the critically en-)Tj
101 Tz -145 -12 Td
(dangered Tahiti flycatcher)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
110 Tz 121 -1 Td
[(Pomarea)-277(nigra)]TJ
/T1_0 11 Tf
36 Tz 73 0 Td
(.)Tj
98 Tz 6 0 Td
(In April 1999, a joint SPREP/Birdlife)Tj
106 Tz -201 -14 Td
(International workshop to determine bird conservation priorities in Poly\
nesia)Tj
107 Tz T*
(was held in Rarotonga in April 1999 - this venue was chosen to highlight\
the)Tj
104 Tz 1 -14 Td
(success of the Kakerori Recovery Programme and to show Pacific Islands d\
el-)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(egates that conservation problems can be turned around.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
90 Tz -48 -61 Td
(6.)Tj
105 Tz 47 -1 Td
(Acknowledgements)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
109 Tz 1 -46 Td
(Many thanks to Anna Tiraa and Ed Saul for their great help throughout my\
)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
105 Tz -1 -14 Td
(visit. )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(Ed Saul and Maddie Midwinter again provided warm hospitality during)Tj
106 Tz 1 -13 Td
(my stay. The Pacific Development and Conservation Trust paid for my trav\
el)Tj
107 Tz 0 -15 TD
(expenses this year, and the Department of Conservation allowed me 15 day\
s)Tj
108 Tz 0 -13 TD
(of special leave on pay during the 22 days I was in Rarotonga. Rod Hay i\
m-)Tj
107 Tz 0 -14 TD
(proved this manuscript.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
95 Tz -48 -61 Td
(7.)Tj
103 Tz 48 0 Td
(References)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
88 Tz 0 -45 TD
(Collar, NJ., Crosby, M.J., Stattersfield,AJ. 1994.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
93 Tz 192 -1 Td
(Birds to Watch 2: the world list of threat-)Tj
92 Tz -164 -10 Td
(ened birds.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
88 Tz 49 0 Td
(BirdLife International, Cambridge.)Tj
89 Tz -77 -17 Td
(Hay,J.R. 1986. Bird Conservation in the Pacific Islands.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
96 Tz 225 -1 Td
(Study report No. 7, International)Tj
93 Tz -197 -11 Td
(Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
89 Tz -29 -17 Td
(Robertson, H.A. 1998. Conservation of kakerori)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
91 Tz 193 -1 Td
(\(Pom)Tj
98 Tz 22 0 Td
(area dimidiata\):)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
89 Tz 73 0 Td
(Report on overseas)Tj
87 Tz -259 -11 Td
(travel to Rarotonga, August 1997.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
92 Tz 134 -1 Td
(Science & Research Internal Report 163, Depart-)Tj
91 Tz -134 -11 Td
(ment of Conservation, Wellington.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
84 Tz -29 -17 Td
(Robertson, H.A., Hay, J.)Tj
89 Tz 92 -1 Td
(R., Saul, E.K. 1993. Age and sex determination of kakerori)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
92 Tz 236 0 Td
(Pomarea)Tj
95 Tz -299 -11 Td
(dimidiata. Notornis)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
86 Tz 85 0 Td
(40: 179-187.)Tj
88 Tz -114 -17 Td
(Robertson, H.A., Hay,J.R., Saul, E.K., McCormack, G.V. 1994. Recovery of\
the kakerori: an)Tj
91 Tz 29 -11 Td
(endangered forest bird of the Cook Islands.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
93 Tz 179 -1 Td
(Conservation Biology)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
85 Tz 94 0 Td
(8: 1078-1086.)Tj
88 Tz -302 -17 Td
(Robertson, H.A., Saul, E.K. in press. Cost-benefit analysis of using tro\
pical formulation ver-)Tj
90 Tz 29 -11 Td
(sus standard Talon 50WB rodenticide baits.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
92 Tz 177 -1 Td
(Ecological Management.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
88 Tz -206 -17 Td
(Robertson, H.A., Saul, E.K.,Tiraa,A. 1998. Rat control in Rarotonga: som\
e lessons for main-)Tj
90 Tz 29 -12 Td
(land islands in New Zealand.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
93 Tz 118 0 Td
(Ecological Management)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
84 Tz 104 -1 Td
(6: 1-12.)Tj
90 Tz -375 -41 Td
(8)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
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2007-11-21T11:45:53Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2007-12-05T10:09:23+13:00
2007-12-05T10:09:23+13:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
application/pdf
Conservation of kakerori (Pomarea dimidiata), Rarotonga
casn272
H A Robertson
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