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2008-02-20T13:41:17+13:00
2008-02-20T13:41:17+13:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
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(Rowe, D.K., Saxton, B.A., Stancliff, A. 1992. Species composition of whi\
tebait \(Galaxiidae\))Tj
92 Tz 29 -11 Td
(fisheries in 12 Bay of Plenty rivers, New Zealand: evidence for river mo\
uth selec-)Tj
89 Tz 0 -12 TD
(tion by juvenile)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
96 Tz 66 1 Td
(Galaxias brevipinnis)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
90 Tz 91 0 Td
(\(Gunther\).)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
72 Tz 45 0 Td
(New)Tj
96 Tz 20 0 Td
(Zealand Journal of Marine)Tj
92 Tz -223 -12 Td
(and Freshwater Researcb 26.:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
83 Tz 125 0 Td
(219-228.)Tj
89 Tz -152 -17 Td
(Sagar, P.M. 1993. Habitat use and models of abundance of maturing inanga\
in South Island,)Tj
28 -12 Td
(New Zealand streams.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
93 Tz 91 0 Td
(New Zealand Freshwater Miscellaneous Report 104:)Tj
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79 Tz 221 0 Td
(1-29)Tj
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the)Tj
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deter-)Tj
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(mine what habitat types are responsible for most 'egg output'. It may)Tj
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(not be that the habitat that produces the most rapid growth and high-)Tj
107 Tz 0 -13 TD
(est individual fecundity is the key to high egg production, especially i\
f)Tj
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(such habitats are relatively sparse in area. Large areas of more medio-)Tj
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(cre habitat may be more important than small areas of high-quality habi-\
)Tj
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(tat to overall, cumulative egg output.)Tj
106 Tz -29 -28 Td
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ape-)Tj
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(ment from fishing, either during the season or after fishing has ceased,\
that)Tj
106 Tz 0 -13 TD
(reserves have no biological/fisheries justification. Answers to these qu\
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111 Tz T*
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and)Tj
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(In the final analysis, then, the issue for DOC becomes deciding whether \
hav-)Tj
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(i)Tj
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105 Tz (ng reserves is justifiable:)Tj
107 Tz 28 -29 Td
(partly as a social measure to meet the preferences of whitebaiters/pub-)Tj
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(i)Tj
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(given that managing the reserve status of the various streams is an in-)Tj
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(11.)Tj
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(Bibliography)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
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(McDowall, R.M. 1980.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
96 Tz 94 0 Td
(Galaxias m)Tj
99 Tz 49 0 Td
(aculatus)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
96 Tz 40 -1 Td
(\(Jenyns\) - the New Zealand whitebait.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
62 Tz 167 0 Td
(New)Tj
94 Tz -322 -11 Td
(Zealand Marine Department Fisheries Research Bulletin)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
82 Tz 242 -1 Td
(2, 1-84.)Tj
83 Tz -270 -16 Td
(McDowall, R.M. 1984.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
93 Tz 90 0 Td
(The New Zealand whitebait book.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
85 Tz 145 -1 Td
(Reed, Wellington.)Tj
87 Tz -235 -16 Td
(McDowall, R.M. 1990.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
101 Tz 95 -1 Td
(New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
87 Tz -66 -11 Td
(Heinemann Reed, Auckland.)Tj
91 Tz -30 -18 Td
(McDowall, R.M., and Eldon, G.A. 1980. The ecology of whitebait migration\
s \(Galaxiidae)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
95 Tz 29 -11 Td
(Galaxias)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
89 Tz 42 0 Td
(spp.\).)Tj
92 Tz 26 -1 Td
(New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Re-)Tj
89 Tz -68 -10 Td
(search Bulletin 20, 1-171.)Tj
-29 -18 Td
(McDowall, R.M., Mitchell, C.P, Brothers, E.B. 1993. Age at migration fro\
m the sea of juve-)Tj
84 Tz 29 -11 Td
(nile)Tj
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95 Tz 18 0 Td
(Galaxias)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
33 Tz 41 0 Td
(i)Tj
89 Tz 2 -1 Td
(n New Zealand \(Pisces: Galaxiidae\).)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
93 Tz 148 0 Td
(Bulletin of Marine Science 54:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
86 Tz -209 -11 Td
(385-402.)Tj
90 Tz -29 -18 Td
(McDowall, R.M., Robertson, D.A., Saito, R. 1975. Occurrence of galaxiid \
larvae and juve-)Tj
91 Tz 29 -11 Td
(niles in the sea.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
72 Tz 65 0 Td
(New)Tj
95 Tz 21 -1 Td
(Zealand journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9: 1-9.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
87 Tz -115 -16 Td
(Molloy, J. and Davis, A. 1994.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
98 Tz 122 -1 Td
(Setting priorities for the conservation of New Zealand's)Tj
-94 -11 Td
(threatened plants and animals.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
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(1)Tj
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(for their justification \(such as to protect access to upstream habitats,) Tj
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(allow local escapement; provide undisturbed rearing/feeding/matura-) Tj
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112 Tz
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(which species of whitebait it is anticipated benefits chiefly from re-) Tj
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(search.) Tj
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108 Tz
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(tality on population densities in representative habitats with the objec-) Tj
106 Tz
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(tive of identifying mechanisms causing mortality. Specifically, develop) Tj
108 Tz
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(some generalisations regarding the extent to which population dimen-) Tj
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(sions are determined by exploitation/predation/population density and) Tj
109 Tz
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(habitat parameters, as opposed to habitat perturbations such as floods) Tj
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(and droughts or by a mixture of the two. This would have to be seen as) Tj
105 Tz
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(a long-term \(5 years?\) programme that examined a small range of repre-) Tj
107 Tz
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(sentative habitats.) Tj
72 Tz
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(3.) Tj
2000 Tz
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(\t) Tj
106 Tz
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(Determine the role of population densities in controlling individual fish) Tj
110 Tz
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(growth rates and fecundity with the goal of identifying what controls) Tj
109 Tz
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(total population egg output.) Tj
72 Tz
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(4.) Tj
2000 Tz
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(\t) Tj
110 Tz
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(Great care would need to be exercised in the choice of study habitats) Tj
111 Tz
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(to permit extrapolation of data 'locally' obtained to the more general) Tj
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(situation, though modelling would allow the exploration of the effects) Tj
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(of different 'egg productivity' regimes. So crucial is the choice of study) Tj
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115 Tz
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(population size and be the usual ultimate controllers of the populations.) Tj
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(However, sometimes \(or perhaps often, or even usually\), perturbations) Tj
108 Tz
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(\(stochastic effects\) are the proximate population controllers. With a climate) Tj
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(affect whitebait populations.) Tj
112 Tz
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(Which of these mechanisms applies and how they function will influence) Tj
111 Tz
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(how effective reserves are in supporting recruitment into the populations.) Tj
107 Tz
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(ent mortality, the less will be the value of the reserve areas in recruitment. If) Tj
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(') Tj
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(population dimensions' \(such as egg production\) are independent of recruit-) Tj
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(ment rates \(density-dependent\), then it is possible that the reserves have no) Tj
106 Tz
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105 Tz
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99 Tz
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(level.) Tj
107 Tz
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(Whether a reserve is effective then depends, in part, on whether or not) Tj
114 Tz
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(fishing activity reduces recruitment below the level needed to reach that) Tj
109 Tz
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(equilibrium population level. If 'population dimensions' in the reserve habi-) Tj
106 Tz
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(tats are dependent on recruitment, then the effectiveness of reserves becomes) Tj
105 Tz
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(reduced.) Tj
106 Tz
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(Virtually nothing is known about any of these questions for inanga \(much the) Tj
109 Tz
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(best known whitebait species\), let alone for any other of the four species in) Tj
106 Tz
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(the fishery.) Tj
108 Tz
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(In practice, it could be possible to determine 'population dimensions' \(popu-) Tj
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(lation size and growth rates giving information on potential egg production/) Tj
111 Tz
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(nanga, when populations should have stabilised, with most juvenile mortal-) Tj
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(ity having occurred\), between years, with and without reserve status. How-) Tj
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112 Tz
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107 Tz
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111 Tz
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(conducting research on the value of reserves, with the ultimate possibility) Tj
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(that fishing would later be prohibited again, having invested substantial re-) Tj
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(sources in trying to stop poaching there?\)) Tj
110 Tz
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(l) Tj
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113 Tz
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(of the run into the experimental stream\). This would then need to be fol-) Tj
66 Tz
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(l) Tj
112 Tz
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(years rather than differences due to reservation or not.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 514 Tm
(There are further difficulties that compound these problems, that relate to) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 500 Tm
(what is limiting population dimensions, and specifically whether the) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 487 Tm
(populations are controlled by inherent characteristics of the species and its) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 472 Tm
(ecology \('deterministic' factors like carrying capacity, food availability, preda-) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 458 Tm
(tion, etc.\) or by unpredictable fluctuations in the environment \('stochastic') Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 445 Tm
(factors such as floods and droughts\). It is possible, for instance, that the) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 431 Tm
(number of whitebait entering reserve streams always greatly exceeds the) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 417 Tm
(streams' carrying capacity, i.e. whether the run is large or small, there may) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 403 Tm
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113 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 390 Tm
(tality, and the final 'population dimensions' may be roughly the same-the) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 375 Tm
(population is controlled by density-dependent characteristics of the popula-) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 361 Tm
(tion/habitat, and egg output is not greatly variable from season to season.) Tj
106 Tz
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(And it is also possible that the same would apply even if fishing was allowed.) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 333 Tm
(If that was true, invoking reserves may do no more than make increasing num-) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 319 Tm
(bers of fish available to the reserve stream, resulting in higher natural) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 306 Tm
(mortalities - the stream may not need to be reserved to be fully populated) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 292 Tm
(each season. But what happens, year by year, may depend partly on habitat) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 278 Tm
(stability/perturbation, and it is possible that in some years \(perhaps in all) Tj
110 Tz
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(years\), 'population dimensions' leading to egg production are below habitat) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 250 Tm
(carrying capacity \(whatever that is\) and are ultimately determined by) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 236 Tm
(stochastic factors such as habitat perturbation \(floods, droughts, etc.\)..) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 208 Tm
(Alternatively, recruitment variation may mean that in some years carrying) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 194 Tm
(capacity is not reached, and there are varying 'population dimensions',) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 180 Tm
(populations may compensate by having lower juvenile mortality, better growth) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 166 Tm
(rates, and higher individual fecundity; there would be some population re-) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 152 Tm
(sponse to lack of full capacity, this always probably strongly influenced by) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 139 Tm
(perturbation.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 110 Tm
(All of the above argument becomes irrelevant if overlying perturbation of) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 96 Tm
(habitats strongly affects the populations. While it seems intuitively possible) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 81 Tm
(that recruitment is always \(or usually\) excessive, it is unlikely that density-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 68 Tm
(dependent factors will always control 'population dimensions'. Thus, in prac-) Tj
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 539 29 Tm
(9) Tj
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(7.) Tj
2000 Tz
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(\t) Tj
107 Tz
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(What to measure in) Tj
106 Tz
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(evaluating reserves) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
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(To demonstrate that reserves have conservation/fishery-sustainability value) Tj
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(it is necessary to show that some important dimension of the fish populations) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 668 Tm
(in streams/wetlands set aside as reserves are greater than they would be if) Tj
113 Tz
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(the streams had not been reserved. Determining what 'population dimen-) Tj
108 Tz
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(sion' should be measured is not simple.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 613 Tm
(From an overall perspective, because of the lowland/wetland focus of most) Tj
113 Tz
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(of the reserves, it seems that the chief \(though not sole\) beneficiary from) Tj
110 Tz
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(reserves is the inanga, this also being by far the most productive species in) Tj
111 Tz
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(the fishery. From a fisheries management perspective, therefore, it makes) Tj
106 Tz
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(sense that the prime focus of reserves, if instituted as facilities to ensure fish-) Tj
108 Tz
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(ery sustainability, is the inanga. For other species it is more likely that most) Tj
110 Tz
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(management actions are focused on the conservation of threatened or near) Tj
108 Tz
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(threatened species, and that different management strategies will apply.) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 488 Tm
(A basic focus of the objective of ensuring sustainability of the fishery prob-) Tj
105 Tz
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(ably ought to be to ensure the migration to sea of the greatest possible number) Tj
107 Tz
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(of whitebait larvae.) Tj
108 Tz
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(Measuring larval output is likely to pose substantial practical difficulties, as) Tj
107 Tz
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(when they hatch the larvae are very tiny \(> 10 mm long\) and would be diffi-) Tj
109 Tz
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(cult to catch quantitatively. In practice, this focus might usefully be shifted) Tj
105 Tz
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(back somewhat in the fish's life cycle to determining number of eggs spawned) Tj
109 Tz
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(and fertilised. This, in turn, could be estimated by determining the relation-) Tj
108 Tz
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(ship between fish size and fecundity, and sex ratio, and using the size distri-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 349 Tm
(bution of the spawning population as a surrogate for fecundity and, in turn,) Tj
112 Tz
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(larval production. Since the reserves are waters from which fishing is ex-) Tj
108 Tz
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(cluded, this measure of their effectiveness could, in theory, be that they 'fill') Tj
110 Tz
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(with fish more when they are reserves than they would if they weren't, and) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 293 Tm
(that this will result in the production of more whitebait eggs/larvae, i.e. re-) Tj
109 Tz
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(serves are effective if the prohibition on fishing results in more adults rear-) Tj
108 Tz
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(ing/growing larger, and thereby producing more eggs in such streams than if) Tj
109 Tz
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(they weren't reserves.) Tj
111 Tz
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(Therefore, one of these outcomes may be that reserves generally, or some) Tj
108 Tz
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(reserves in particular, have a significant role in the sustainability of egg out-) Tj
109 Tz
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(put. Acceptance of 'egg output' as such a measure, based on cumulative fe-) Tj
105 Tz
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(cundity of populations, begs the question of whether there is plenty of spawn-) Tj
66 Tz
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(i) Tj
111 Tz
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(ng habitat available to the populations, and thus whether or not the avail-) Tj
109 Tz
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(ability of spawning habitat might limit populations. Furthermore, making a) Tj
106 Tz
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(link from this finding to arguing for a role of reserves in sustaining the white-) Tj
116 Tz
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(bait fishery involves a whole series of assumptions related to presently) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 111 Tm
(unquantified numerical connections between the number of eggs produced) Tj
108 Tz
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(and the number of whitebait that migrate back into rivers from the sea about) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 83 Tm
(six months later. Insofar as life at sea of whitebait is virtually unknown, is) Tj
106 Tz
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(presently inaccessible and is likely to remain so, making that linkage is some-) Tj
108 Tz
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(thing of a necessary 'act of faith'.) Tj
90 Tz
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(8) Tj
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/T1_0 11 Tf
(ng to production/catch in the fishery probably apply primarily to inanga\
,)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(since this is substantially the dominant species in the catch \(> 90% in\
most)Tj
110 Tz -1 -14 Td
(rivers\) whereas for the other species, it is more likely that the manag\
ement)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
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(i)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(mperatives for DOC relate more to their threatened, or near-threatened s\
ta-)Tj
-1 -13 Td
(tus, and therefore to their conservation. Moreover, is possible that for\
some,)Tj
107 Tz T*
(perhaps many, of the reserves their primary value is for protection of i\
nanga,)Tj
1 -14 Td
(since many of the reserved streams are at low elevations where inanga al\
one)Tj
106 Tz -1 -14 Td
(are abundant. However, this is not universally true, as some reserves, s\
uch as)Tj
105 Tz T*
(Bradshaws Creek in the Buller River, Content Creek and Hindley Creek in \
the)Tj
106 Tz 0 -13 TD
(Waiatoto River, and perhaps Hapuka Creek in the Okuru-Turnbull River sys\
-)Tj
104 Tz 0 -14 TD
(tem, involve extensive areas of forested/lowland streams and swamps and \
may)Tj
111 Tz 1 -14 Td
(have substantial value for other species such as giant kokopu. In additi\
on,)Tj
107 Tz T*
(some reserves may function as much to provide unimpeded access by white-\
)Tj
104 Tz -1 -14 Td
(bait to upstream habitats \(outside reserves\) that are important to koa\
ro, banded)Tj
108 Tz 0 -15 TD
(kokopu and shortjaw kokopu, as they do to provide actual undisturbed hab\
i-)Tj
113 Tz 0 -13 TD
(tat for whitebait species to live in. Thus the roles of reserves in whit\
ebait)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(protection are quite diverse, complicating any effort to evaluate their \
effec-)Tj
106 Tz 0 -13 TD
(tiveness.)Tj
107 Tz 0 -28 TD
(There are clearly other conflicts of goals within DOC with regard to the\
role)Tj
1 -14 Td
(of reserve areas, such as whether there is any purpose in excluding whit\
ebait)Tj
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(fishing from areas that will 6 months later serve as whitebait spawning \
grounds,)Tj
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(i.e. the connection between exclusion of fishing from an area, and the u\
se of)Tj
0 -13 TD
(the area for whitebait spawning, is elusive. Therefore, before it is pos\
sible to)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(evaluate the effectiveness of reserves, it is critical that their roles \
be identi-)Tj
105 Tz -1 -14 Td
(fied. This would seem to require a reserve-by-reserve evaluation of the \
poten-)Tj
109 Tz T*
(tial protective value of each, across all five species, and through the \
various)Tj
107 Tz 1 -13 Td
(life stages that might use them.)Tj
110 Tz 0 -28 TD
(In addition to all this, it is not known whether the reserve areas \(if \
reserva-)Tj
112 Tz -1 -14 Td
(tion does increase the number of whitebait that run into them\) then act\
as)Tj
109 Tz 1 -15 Td
(redistribution centres for more widespread habitats and populations in e\
ach)Tj
107 Tz 0 -13 TD
(catchment where the reserves are established. This should enhance the va\
lue)Tj
111 Tz -1 -14 Td
(of reserve areas. Nor is it known whether and to what extent there is in\
va-)Tj
107 Tz 1 -14 Td
(sion of areas within or beyond the limits of the reserves before the beg\
inning)Tj
109 Tz -1 -14 Td
(of the fishing season, or a major increase in fish numbers in the catchm\
ents)Tj
110 Tz 0 -14 TD
(after the whitebait fishing season has closed. This would tend to reduce\
the)Tj
108 Tz T*
(ultimate value of the reserves. Thus, all of these factors have the pote\
ntial to)Tj
T*
(substantially alter \(both positively and negatively\) the significance \
assigned)Tj
T*
(to reserves as contributing to sustainability of the fishery.)Tj
106 Tz 0 -28 TD
(An initial objective of DOC in evaluating reserves must therefore be to \
estab-)Tj
110 Tz 0 -14 TD
(lish its intentions in having reserves, and to undertake an initial qual\
itative)Tj
107 Tz T*
(survey to determine which objectives and to what extent, each reserve mi\
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96 Tz 0 -13 TD
(fulfil.)Tj
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(7)Tj
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(appointing honorary rangers was discussed at the workshop but it became)Tj
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(evident that there would be real difficulties for honorary rangers who a\
re)Tj
108 Tz T*
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unlikely)Tj
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(that any suitable volunteers would offer their services.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
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(5.)Tj
2000 Tz -134 169 Td
(\t)Tj
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105 Tz -1 -25 Td
(reserves)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
107 Tz 0 -47 TD
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Agricul-)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
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' as-)Tj
109 Tz T*
(pects of whitebait fishing, and this was accentuated by a transfer of co\
ntrol)Tj
110 Tz 0 -13 TD
(of whitebait fishing structures built on rivers from the Ministry/DOC to\
re-)Tj
107 Tz 0 -14 TD
(gional councils. However, there is a widely agreed need for social aspec\
ts of)Tj
111 Tz 1 -14 Td
(managing the fishery to be acknowledged and included in all discussions.\
)Tj
110 Tz T*
(Much of the management of the fishery involves people issues and people)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
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-)Tj
111 Tz 1 -14 Td
(cess to a limited and common resource of high value in a small area. Thi\
s)Tj
112 Tz T*
(issue is accentuated by downstream fishers having earlier access than up\
-)Tj
106 Tz T*
(stream fishers, to the upstream-moving shoals of whitebait. Moreover, wh\
ite-)Tj
114 Tz -1 -14 Td
(bait fishers spend a lot of time watching what other whitebait fishers a\
re)Tj
100 Tz 1 -13 Td
(doing!)Tj
106 Tz -1 -28 Td
(There is also a socio-political aspect of having reserve areas, in the s\
ense that)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(there is a substantial whitebaiter sentiment in favour of having protect\
ed ar-)Tj
100 Tz T*
(eas.)Tj
109 Tz 23 0 Td
(Quite a few of the existing reserve areas were initiated by whitebaiters\
)Tj
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(themselves. The most recent DOC review of management and regulation of)Tj
110 Tz T*
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oth)Tj
111 Tz T*
(whitebaiters and others that provisions for protecting the resource, inc\
lud-)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
106 Tz T*
(i)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(ng reserve areas, should be increased. A corollary of this is that any m\
ove to)Tj
115 Tz -1 -14 Td
(abandon protected areas is likely to generate substantial objection from\
)Tj
108 Tz T*
(whitebaiters, many of whom profess strong interest in conservation.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
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2000 Tz -133 634 Td
(\t)Tj
107 Tz 181 -635 Td
(Determining the)Tj
0 -25 TD
(effectiveness of whitebait)Tj
106 Tz -1 -26 Td
(fishing reserve areas)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
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in)Tj
108 Tz 0 -15 TD
(terms of sustainability of the fisheries, though the department also has\
a role)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(i)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(n protecting threatened freshwater fish species that are a part of the f\
ishery)Tj
108 Tz T*
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(n\)) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 774 Tm
(Collier Creek \(tributary of theTurnbull River\): reserved to protect adult) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 760 Tm
(whitebait habitat; dates from 1995 amendment to 1994 regulations.) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 733 Tm
(o\)) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
105 Tz
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(Hapuka River \(enters joint estuaries of Okuru and Turnbull Rivers\): is a) Tj
106 Tz
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(large area of totally unmodified lowland wetland, reserved by initiative) Tj
107 Tz
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(of the local population; dates from 1964.) Tj
90 Tz
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(p) Tj
80 Tz
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(\)) Tj
106 Tz
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(Waiatoto River tributaries: closure of all tributaries provides protection) Tj
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108 Tz
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(the diversity of species involved in the fishery was little understood at) Tj
107 Tz
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(the time of closure \(1964\).) Tj
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(q\)) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
108 Tz
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(Cascade River tributaries Old Man Creek and Barn Creek: reserved at) Tj
111 Tz
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(request from local whitebaiters on river, probably to protect pristine) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 210 579 Tm
(i) Tj
107 Tz
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(nanga habitats; dates from 1964 regulations.) Tj
93 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 552 Tm
(r\)) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 552 Tm
(Awarua River: closure from specified site, to protect pristine habitat;) Tj
107 Tz
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(dates from 1995 amendment to 1994 regulations.) Tj
87 Tz
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(s\)) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
105 Tz
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(Yates Point to Puysegur Point: closed by Marine Department to prevent) Tj
107 Tz
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(the spread of commercial fisheries into Fiordland National Park. Dates) Tj
1 0 0 1 210 482 Tm
(from 1964 regulations.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
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(4.) Tj
2000 Tz
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106 Tz
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107 Tz
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/OP11Font0 11 Tf
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(Various reviews of the regulations have been undertaken in the recent past,) Tj
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(one of which investigated the question of closure of all tidal tributaries of) Tj
107 Tz
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(rivers, a proposal that was supported by whitebaiters. However, this was not) Tj
99 Tz
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(i) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 186 307 Tm
(mplemented owing to potential enforcement problems, and only a few creeks) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 293 Tm
(were included in the schedule, for either fishery protection or political rea-) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 280 Tm
(sons. Another suggestion was that the Director-General should have the power) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 265 Tm
(to close creeks at any time, but this was not implemented either.) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 183 237 Tm
(DOC' s approach to compliance/enforcement of the sanctity of reserves is to) Tj
109 Tz
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(target specific problem areas. It considers that having rangers on-site is the) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 209 Tm
(best method to increase the awareness of the regulations by fishermen and to) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 195 Tm
(show that DOC is actively enforcing the regulations. However, social prob-) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 183 181 Tm
(lems arise with enforcement officers living in small communities when the) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 183 168 Tm
(compliance work is undertaken by DOC staff living in that area.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 140 Tm
(It appears that in general the whitebaiters wish to protect the fishery, be it) Tj
1 0 0 1 182 126 Tm
(for reasons of self-interest or conservation, and it is primarily the minority) Tj
122 Tz
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(who create the compliance/enforcement problems. The West Coast) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 97 Tm
(Whitebaiters Association acknowledges that it has a role in voluntary regula-) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 83 Tm
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112 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 70 Tm
(ship and partnership between itself and the association. The possibility of) Tj
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 542 30 Tm
(5) Tj
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(a\))Tj
2000 Tz -180 66 Td
(\t)Tj
106 Tz 209 -66 Td
(Granite Creek: was given to the former Wildlife Service of the Depart-)Tj
0 -14 TD
(ment of Internal Affairs by Mike Jones when consent was given for the)Tj
105 Tz T*
(Kongahu Swamp \(near Karamea\) to be drained: this area was identified)Tj
T*
(at that time as a potentially important whitebait \(inanga\) spawning ar\
ea.)Tj
108 Tz T*
(Closure to whitebaiting dates to 1994 regulations.)Tj
-29 -27 Td
(b\))Tj
2000 Tz -180 149 Td
(\t)Tj
110 Tz 208 -150 Td
(Baker Creek \(a tributary to the Karamea River estuary\): area was set)Tj
109 Tz 1 -14 Td
(aside as a reserve to protect spawning grounds, dates to 1995 amend-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -13 TD
(ment to 1994 regulations.)Tj
92 Tz -28 -28 Td
(c\))Tj
2000 Tz -181 205 Td
(\t)Tj
106 Tz 209 -205 Td
(Blackwater Creek \(drains hills behind the Kongahu Swamp, Karamea\):)Tj
111 Tz 0 -14 TD
(reasons for reservation are uncertain, but possibly to protect Granite)Tj
107 Tz T*
(Creek reserve; dates to 1995 amendment to 1994 regulations.)Tj
97 Tz -28 -28 Td
(d\))Tj
2000 Tz -181 261 Td
(\t)Tj
108 Tz 209 -261 Td
(Bradshaws Creek \(tributary of the lower Buller River\): area of impor-)Tj
107 Tz T*
(tant wetlands, closed with public support; dates to 1995 amendment to)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
106 Tz 1 -13 Td
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/T1_0 11 Tf
(994 regulations.)Tj
103 Tz -29 -28 Td
(e\))Tj
2000 Tz -181 316 Td
(\t)Tj
107 Tz 209 -316 Td
(Bullock Creek \(gazetted as a tributary of the Pororari River, though it\
s)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(connections to the Porarari are not as explicit as that\): reservation a\
p-)Tj
107 Tz T*
(pears to relate to local pressures as it is easy to fish the whole width\
of)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(the creek; dates to 1995 amendment to 1994 regulations.)Tj
93 Tz -28 -28 Td
(f\))Tj
2000 Tz -181 386 Td
(\t)Tj
106 Tz 209 -386 Td
(Punakaiki River tributaries: closed for `political' reasons; dates to 19\
95)Tj
107 Tz T*
(amendment to 1994 regulations.)Tj
97 Tz -28 -27 Td
(g\))Tj
2000 Tz -181 427 Td
(\t)Tj
109 Tz 209 -428 Td
(Mahinapua Creek \(Hokitika\): reserved to protect the fishery as it was)Tj
113 Tz 1 -13 Td
(easy to fish the whole width of the creek; prior to 1964 regulations)Tj
106 Tz T*
(fishing was permitted but restricted in Mahinapua Creek, and complete)Tj
107 Tz T*
(closure dates from the 1964 regulations.)Tj
97 Tz -29 -28 Td
(h\))Tj
2000 Tz -181 497 Td
(\t)Tj
106 Tz 209 -497 Td
(Hokitika River, south bank from Mahinapua Creek to the sea: intention)Tj
111 Tz 1 -14 Td
(was to protect whitebait runs heading for Mahinapua Creek and clo-)Tj
105 Tz T*
(sure dates from 1964.)Tj
88 Tz -29 -27 Td
(i\))Tj
2000 Tz -181 552 Td
(\t)Tj
108 Tz 209 -553 Td
(Fishermans Creek \(Hokitika River\): reasons for reservation uncertain,)Tj
T*
(but probably also relates to protection of Mahinapua Creek; also dates)Tj
104 Tz 0 -13 TD
(from 1964.)Tj
106 Tz 0 -29 TD
(Ounatai Lagoon \(a tributary of the Waitaha River\): reasons for reserva\
-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(tion are uncertain; dates to 1995 amendment to 1994 regulations.)Tj
97 Tz -29 -27 Td
(k\))Tj
2000 Tz -180 650 Td
(\t)Tj
108 Tz 209 -651 Td
(Oneone Creek \(a tributary of the Wanganui River\): closed with public)Tj
109 Tz T*
(support, dating to 1995 amendment to 1994 regulations.)Tj
64 Tz -29 -27 Td
(1\))Tj
2000 Tz -180 692 Td
(\t)Tj
107 Tz 209 -692 Td
(Crikey Creek \(tributary of Haast River\); reasons for reservation uncer\
-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -15 TD
(tain, but probably relates to protection of low elevation wetlands; clo-\
)Tj
0 -13 TD
(sure dates to 1995 amendment to 1994 regulations.)Tj
97 Tz -29 -28 Td
(m\))Tj
2000 Tz -180 748 Td
(\t)Tj
104 Tz 208 -749 Td
(Nolans Creek: as for Crikey Creek.)Tj
99 Tz -28 139 Td
(j)Tj
80 Tz 4 -1 Td
(\))Tj
90 Tz -128 -199 Td
(4)Tj
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108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 775 Tm
(DOC compiled a summary analysis of areas in the West Coast Conservancy) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 762 Tm
(that are closed to fishing under the Whitebait Fishing Regulations.) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 734 Tm
(This paper consists of an amalgam of the NIWA review, the DOC summary,) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 720 Tm
(and the results of discussions occurring during the workshop.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 133 660 Tm
(2.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 659 Tm
(Species composition of the) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 633 Tm
(West Coast whitebait fishery) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 587 Tm
(The New Zealand whitebait fishery depends on the exploitation of the juve-) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 573 Tm
(niles of species of Galaxias returning to rivers from the sea as small juve-) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 559 Tm
(niles about 45-55 mm long. At their return from the sea they are 4-6 months) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 545 Tm
(old \(McDowall et al. 1993\). In all parts of New Zealand the principal species) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 532 Tm
(in the fishery is the inanga -) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 316 532 Tm
(Galaxias) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 363 532 Tm
(maculatus) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
102 Tz
1 0 0 1 418 531 Tm
(\(McDowall & Eldon 1980\).) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 518 Tm
(However, other species participate in the fishery, which, particularly in West) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 505 Tm
(Coast rivers, also involves koaro) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
75 Tz
1 0 0 1 336 504 Tm
(G) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
36 Tz
1 0 0 1 342 504 Tm
(.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 348 504 Tm
(brevipinnis) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 403 504 Tm
(,) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 409 504 Tm
(banded kokopu) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 487 504 Tm
(G) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
36 Tz
1 0 0 1 494 504 Tm
(.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 497 504 Tm
(fasciatus) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 541 503 Tm
(,) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 491 Tm
(giant kokopu) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 247 491 Tm
(G) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
36 Tz
1 0 0 1 254 491 Tm
(.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 260 491 Tm
(argenteus) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 307 491 Tm
(,) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 315 490 Tm
(and shortjaw kokopu) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 425 490 Tm
(G) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
36 Tz
1 0 0 1 432 490 Tm
(.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 436 490 Tm
(postvectis) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
72 Tz
1 0 0 1 485 490 Tm
(,) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 491 490 Tm
(i) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 494 490 Tm
(n their ap-) Tj
111 Tz
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(proximate order of abundance in the whitebait catch. For all practical pur-) Tj
106 Tz
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(poses, the fishery can be regarded as depending on inanga, koaro and banded) Tj
118 Tz
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(kokopu, with exploitation of the other species of incidental value to it) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 434 Tm
(\(McDowall & Eldon 1980; McDowall 1984; Rowe et al. 1992\). However,) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 420 Tm
(shortjaw kokopu, giant kokopu and banded kokopu are regarded as seriously) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 407 Tm
(to somewhat threatened species \(in that order of threat\), and are therefore of) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 393 Tm
(significant conservation concern \(Molloy & Davis 1994\). Exploitation of these) Tj
111 Tz
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(species in the fishery creates some conflicts with conservation objectives,) Tj
106 Tz
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(and the question of reserves, at least in theory, has implications for conserva-) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 351 Tm
(tion issues.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 133 290 Tm
(3.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 289 Tm
(Reserve areas and the) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 264 Tm
(rationale for their) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 238 Tm
(establishment or existence) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 191 Tm
(It should be noted that whitebaiters were to some extent consulted prior to) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 178 Tm
(gazettal of the 1964 regulations, when the first reserves were formally estab-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 164 Tm
(lished, and that there was then quite widespread local support for closure of) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 150 Tm
(some areas to fishing. This has continued to be the case, and it can be seen,) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 136 Tm
(below, that many of the reserves have local support.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 108 Tm
(Current whitebait fishing regulations list the following whitebait fishing re-) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 94 Tm
(serves in the West Coast Conservancy of DOC:) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 538 31 Tm
(3) Tj
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106 Tz 180 775 Td
(as a means of ensuring the sustainability of production from the fishery\
. This)Tj
116 Tz 0 -13 TD
(approach can be exemplified, for instance, in closure to fishing of both\
)Tj
107 Tz 0 -14 TD
(Mahinapua Creek \(a tributary of the Hokitika River\) and the true left \
\(south\))Tj
0 -13 TD
(bank of the Hokitika River from its confluence with Mahinapua Creek to t\
he)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(sea, which means that fish migrating from the sea upstream into Mahinapu\
a)Tj
0 -15 TD
(Creek have access to the creek from the mouth of the river without threa\
t of)Tj
112 Tz 0 -14 TD
(capture by whitebaiters. Similarly, reservation of the Hapuka Stream and\
)Tj
108 Tz T*
(wetland is enhanced by prohibition of fishing downstream of its confluen\
ce)Tj
106 Tz T*
(with the Turnbull River as far as the mouth of that river. However, to s\
ay that)Tj
109 Tz T*
(all reserves were established for entirely fisheries/conservation purpos\
es is)Tj
107 Tz 0 -13 TD
(probably an oversimplification, and there are some instances in which so\
cio-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(logical/political or personal imperatives seem to have been involved.)Tj
105 Tz 0 -28 TD
(Maintenance of reserve status, as well as having assumed conservation/fi\
sher-)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(ies production benefits for the fishery, has costs to the administrating\
author-)Tj
T*
(ity, in this instance DOC. Not all whitebait fishers accept the need for\
careful)Tj
113 Tz T*
(management of the fishery, nor do all respect the statutory protection o\
f-)Tj
109 Tz T*
(fered to some waterways by their being declared closed waters \(though t\
he)Tj
108 Tz T*
(great majority do\). Those few who have little concern for conservation \
and/)Tj
T*
(or who actively flout the closure of areas by fishing within them, cause\
con-)Tj
107 Tz 0 -13 TD
(siderable public aggravation. This is particularly true amongst those wh\
o are)Tj
112 Tz 0 -14 TD
(concerned for protection of the fishery and adherence to the law, but al\
so)Tj
110 Tz T*
(amongst others who are jealous that a few individuals are able to get aw\
ay)Tj
T*
(with exploiting the whitebait runs within the reserve areas.)Tj
106 Tz 0 -28 TD
(DOC, with its statutory responsibilities, invests resources and effort i\
n ensur-)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(i)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(ng compliance with exclusions from fishing within reserves, and in appre\
-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -13 TD
(hending those guilty of non-compliance, including violations of reserve \
sta-)Tj
107 Tz 0 -14 TD
(tus. As many of the whitebaiting rivers are in areas that are remote and\
diffi-)Tj
108 Tz T*
(cult to get to, and as the area covered by the regulations is large, the\
costs of)Tj
106 Tz T*
(policing the fishery, including attention to the sanctity of the reserve\
areas, is)Tj
105 Tz T*
(substantial.)Tj
111 Tz 61 -1 Td
(Attention to the value of actually having reserves is therefore)Tj
106 Tz -61 -13 Td
(justified. In line with its need for efficiency and for careful stewards\
hip of its)Tj
99 Tz T*
(li)Tj
105 Tz 7 -1 Td
(mited financial resources, DOC appropriately initiated a review of the s\
tatus)Tj
109 Tz -7 -14 Td
(and value of the whitebait reserves, including consideration of the pros\
pect)Tj
112 Tz 0 -13 TD
(that it should evaluate the explicit contribution by the reserves to the\
con-)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(servation of the fishery and its component species.)Tj
0 -28 TD
(Therefore DOC instituted a review of whitebait reserves and commissioned\
)Tj
105 Tz 0 -14 TD
(the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research \(NIWA\) to tak\
e the)Tj
107 Tz T*
(lead role in doing so. The review was undertaken in the form of a small,\
one-)Tj
106 Tz T*
(day workshop attended by: R M McDowall and R M Allibone, National Insti-\
)Tj
105 Tz T*
(tute of Water and Atmospheric Research; P Gerbeaux, C Miller and G Butle\
r,)Tj
106 Tz T*
(Department of Conservation, Hokitika; N Grainger, Department of Conserva\
-)Tj
103 Tz T*
(tion, Westport: and R Sadler, Chairman, West Coast Whitebaiters' Associa\
tion,)Tj
101 Tz 0 -13 TD
(Hokitika.)Tj
112 Tz 0 -29 TD
(Prior to the workshop, relevant personnel were circulated with a brief r\
e-)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(view paper compiled by NIWA that explored some of the issues involved in\
)Tj
110 Tz 0 -14 TD
(assessing the conservation value of the reserves; the intention was that\
this)Tj
107 Tz T*
(would form useful background to consideration of reserve issues. In addi\
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72 Tz -123 -47 Td
(2)Tj
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104 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 768 Tm
(Abstract) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 722 Tm
(A review of the question of the usefulness of reserving waters for protection) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 708 Tm
(from exploitation in the whitebait fishery was undertaken at a small work-) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 695 Tm
(shop.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 666 Tm
(Creation of reserves has social, fisheries management and conservation im-) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 652 Tm
(peratives. Administration of reserves has costs for the Department of Conser-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 638 Tm
(vation. Evaluation of the value of reserves as places where whitebait stocks) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 625 Tm
(are protected from exploitation is seen as difficult and costly, and has me-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 611 Tm
(dium to long-term research requirements owing to variation in habitat condi-) Tj
1 0 0 1 180 596 Tm
(tions between sites, intra- and inter-seasonal variation in environmental con-) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 583 Tm
(ditions and in the size of the whitebait run, all of this made greatly more) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 569 Tm
(complex as a result of the multi-species composition of the fishery. It is sug-) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 555 Tm
(gested that DOC should:) Tj
54 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 528 Tm
(1) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 208 527 Tm
(Deal first with policy questions regarding the acceptance of the social) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 514 Tm
(function of reserves.) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 487 Tm
(2) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 208 486 Tm
(Conduct a preliminary survey of reserves and attempt to classify them) Tj
123 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 472 Tm
(according to their purpose and value for conserving whitebait) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 458 Tm
(populations.) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 430 Tm
(3) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 208 429 Tm
(Base decisions on the continuation of reserves on the results of these) Tj
63 Tz
1 0 0 1 209 416 Tm
(t) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 212 416 Tm
(wo undertakings.) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 388 Tm
(Research priorities need to be structured around the environmental and habitat) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 374 Tm
(parameters that control whitebait populations and how these are affected by) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 361 Tm
(establishment of reserves.) Tj
/OP11Font0 28 Tf
85 Tz
1 0 0 1 134 300 Tm
(1.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 299 Tm
(Introduction) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 253 Tm
(The Whitebait Fishing \(West Coast\) Regulations 1994 \(NZSR 1994/66\) include) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 239 Tm
(provisions for certain waters to be 'closed areas' \(Regulation 5\) \(hereinafter) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 224 Tm
(referred to as reserves, for simplicity\). These waters are listed in the First) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 211 Tm
(Schedule to the regulations. Some of the areas so listed had long been estab-) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 197 Tm
(lished as 'no-fishing areas', dating back to the time when first the Marine De-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 183 Tm
(partment \(disbanded in 1972\) and later the Ministry of Agriculture and Fish-) Tj
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