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2008-06-20T13:53:13Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2008-06-20T14:00:46+12:00
2008-06-20T14:00:46+12:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
application/pdf
Instructions for using poisoned hen eggs for control of stoats (Mustela erminea)
casn156
E B Spurr & S J Hough
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1 0 0 1 112 261 Tm
(SPILLAGE) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 112 248 Tm
(If accidental spillage takes place gather up spilt liquid with absorbent material and) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 112 235 Tm
(dispose of by burying 60 cm underground. Ensure that bottles are resealed. In the case) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 112 222 Tm
(of large spillages which may endanger humans report immediately to the Police and the) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 112 210 Tm
(nearest) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 145 209 Tm
(Medical Officer of Health. Take all practicable steps to prevent or abate any) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 112 197 Tm
(hazard that may or does arise from the spillage.) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 112 171 Tm
(DIRECTIONS FOR USE: For use in the dosing of hen eggs. Application by injection) Tj
1 0 0 1 113 158 Tm
(into eggs at 1 ml per egg.) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 113 146 Tm
(I) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 116 146 Tm
(MPORTANT: Only a licensed operator or a person under the supervision of a licensed) Tj
126 Tz
1 0 0 1 113 133 Tm
(operator can apply this product, the use of which is restricted by the Pesticides) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 113 120 Tm
(\(Vertebrate Pest Control\) Regulations 1983.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 113 108 Tm
(Net contents: 250 ml) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 358 107 Tm
(Certificate: P95/1, 25/10/95) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 113 95 Tm
(Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, PO Box 69, Lincoln.) Tj
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131 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 779 Tm
(Department of Conservation trials in) Tj
123 Tz
1 0 0 1 355 779 Tm
(1995-96) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 396 779 Tm
(should be carefully monitored) Tj
1 0 0 1 174 765 Tm
(to enable the instructions in this report to be revised in time for stoat control) Tj
1 0 0 1 175 751 Tm
(operations in) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 242 751 Tm
(1996-97.) Tj
/OP11Font0 22 Tf
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 127 690 Tm
(4.) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 690 Tm
(Acknowledgements) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
125 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 644 Tm
(We thank the Department of Conservation for funding, G. Loh and S. Phillipson) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 630 Tm
(for assistance with field trials, G. Wright for constructing the 1080 label, J.) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 616 Tm
(Coleman and E. Murphy for comments on the draft manuscript, and T. Duval) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 602 Tm
(for editorial assistance.) Tj
/OP11Font0 22 Tf
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 127 541 Tm
(5.) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 541 Tm
(References) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 497 Tm
(O'Donnell, C.FJ; Dilks, PJ.; Elliott, G.P. 1992. Control of a stoat population irruption to) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 203 485 Tm
(enhance yellowhead breeding success. Science Research Series 124. Department of) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 203 474 Tm
(Conservation, Wellington. 16 p.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 33 Tm
(8) Tj
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135 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 572 Tm
(In these two examples, the percentage kill was calculated as 97% from the) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 558 Tm
(number of eggs eaten before and after poisoning, and 90% from the number) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 544 Tm
(of eggs eaten before poisoning and the trap catch after poisoning. Either value) Tj
138 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 530 Tm
(would confirm the success of the poisoning operation. Confidence limits) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 516 Tm
(around the percentage kill can be calculated if there is more than one line of) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 502 Tm
(bait stations or traps.) Tj
/OP11Font0 22 Tf
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 128 441 Tm
(3.) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 441 Tm
(Discussion) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
137 Tz
1 0 0 1 174 395 Tm
(The methods described in this report were used in three trials in 1994 and) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 382 Tm
(1995. They should be followed by the Department of Conservation for field) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 368 Tm
(trials in 1995-96, to confirm and refine their effectiveness. Experience with) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 354 Tm
(different types of automatic vaccinators, dyes, and bait stations, for example,) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 340 Tm
(may lead to technical improvements. Experiments with coating eggs with a) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 325 Tm
(preservative \(e.g., petroleum jelly\) to prolong their field-life, provided it did) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 311 Tm
(not affect their palatability to stoats, may lead to greater cost-effectiveness.) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 283 Tm
(Bait stations with restricted entrances exclude kahu, kea, weka, possums, and) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 269 Tm
(hedgehogs) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 229 270 Tm
(\(Erinaceus europaeus\),) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 344 269 Tm
(but not rats and mice. It is not possible to) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 256 Tm
(distinguish readily from the shell remnants whether eggs have been eaten by) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 242 Tm
(stoats, rats, or mice. Droppings \(faeces\) in bait stations may also be an unreli-) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 228 Tm
(able indicator, because rats or mice may have visited the bait stations after) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 214 Tm
(stoats. For the same reason, track markings may be useful only if a single spe-) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 199 Tm
(cies has entered a bait station and eaten eggs. The most reliable method for) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 185 Tm
(determining which species is eating eggs is video recording.) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 158 Tm
(The poisoning of rats and mice as well as stoats makes it difficult to monitor) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 144 Tm
(the effectiveness of control for individual species, but multi-species control) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 130 Tm
(may be advantageous to native birds. If only stoats were poisoned, rat and) Tj
1 0 0 1 176 116 Tm
(mouse numbers, and consequently their predation on birds, might increase) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 102 Tm
(so that the benefits of stoat control would be lost. Multi-species control en-) Tj
1 0 0 1 176 88 Tm
(sures that one predator is not replaced by another.) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 534 36 Tm
(7) Tj
126 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 780 Tm
(Example 2: Percentage kill from pre-poison egg take and post-poison trap catch) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 753 Tm
(Number of eggs per day eaten in poison area before poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
124 Tz
1 0 0 1 527 752 Tm
(8.5) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 739 Tm
(Number of eggs per day eaten in non-poison area before poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
124 Tz
1 0 0 1 527 739 Tm
(7.5) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 725 Tm
(Number of stoats caught in poison area after poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 536 725 Tm
(2) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 711 Tm
(Number of stoats caught in non-poison area after poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 531 711 Tm
(18) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 683 Tm
(Observed number of stoats caught after poisoning = 2) Tj
1 0 0 1 176 669 Tm
(Expected number = \(8.5/7.5\) x 18 = 20.4) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 641 Tm
(Percentage kill) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 268 641 Tm
(= \(1 - 2/20.4\) x 100) Tj
160 Tz
1 0 0 1 268 627 Tm
(=\(1-0.1\)x100) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 268 614 Tm
(= 0.90 x 100) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 267 599 Tm
(= 90) Tj
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177 Tz
1 0 0 1 130 784 Tm
(2.9) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
177 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 784 Tm
(MONITORING EFFECTIVENESS OF POISONING) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 756 Tm
(The effectiveness of poisoning should be assessed by comparing stoat popu-) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 742 Tm
(lations in the poison area before and after poisoning with those in a compara-) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 728 Tm
(ble non-poison area monitored at the same time. Ideally, stoat numbers should) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 715 Tm
(be monitored independently of the poison-baiting programme; e.g., using traps) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 701 Tm
(or tracking tunnels. Traps cannot be used in the pre-poison period because) Tj
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 686 Tm
(they will reduce stoat numbers in both poison and non-poison areas. How-) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 672 Tm
(ever, provided there is no bait shyness to toxic eggs, the average number of) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 658 Tm
(eggs per day eaten by stoats in poison and non-poison areas can be used as an) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 644 Tm
(index of stoat numbers. Non-toxic eggs should be placed in bait stations in) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 630 Tm
(the non-poison area, and checked and replaced as necessary, at the same time) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 617 Tm
(as eggs \(initially non-toxic, then toxic ones\) are placed in bait stations in the) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 603 Tm
(poison area. For statistical purposes, there should be a minimum of 30 bait) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 589 Tm
(stations in each area. If pre-feeding with non-toxic eggs is not possible, pre-) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 575 Tm
(poison stoat abundance will have to be estimated from the number of eggs) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 561 Tm
(eaten on the first night, before any stoats have been poisoned. Thus:) Tj
124 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 533 Tm
(Percentage kill = \(1-O/E\) x 100 ....................................................................... \(1\)) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 506 Tm
(where O =) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 239 505 Tm
(observed number of eggs eaten in the poison area post-poison) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 189 492 Tm
(and E =) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 239 492 Tm
(expected number; i.e., \(number of eggs eaten in the poison area) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 239 478 Tm
(pre-poison / number of eggs eaten in the non-poison area pre-) Tj
138 Tz
1 0 0 1 239 464 Tm
(poison\) x number of eggs eaten in the non-poison area post-) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 239 450 Tm
(poison) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 421 Tm
(One likely result is that the number of eggs per day eaten in the poison area) Tj
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 408 Tm
(will decline after poisoning \(because stoats and/or rats and mice will have) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 394 Tm
(been poisoned\) but the number in the non-poison area will be similar through-) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 380 Tm
(out, or may even increase as young animals enter the population.) Tj
1 0 0 1 177 143 Tm
(Fenn traps set in both non-poison and poison areas for 3-5 days after poison-) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 129 Tm
(ing could provide a second estimate of the success of poisoning. A minimum) Tj
139 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 115 Tm
(of 30 traps should be used. Traps should be baited with meat rather than) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 101 Tm
(eggs. Provided there were similar numbers of stoats in the two areas before) Tj
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 86 Tm
(poisoning, more stoats should be caught in the non-poison area than in the) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 72 Tm
(poison area after poisoning. Pre-poison stoat numbers in the two areas can be) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 58 Tm
(compared from the number of eggs eaten in each area.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 39 Tm
(6) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 353 Tm
(Example 1: Percentage kill from pre- and post-poison egg take) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 325 Tm
(Number of eggs per day eaten in poison area before poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 526 324 Tm
(8.5) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 175 310 Tm
(Number of eggs per day eaten in non-poison area before poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 526 309 Tm
(7.5) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 296 Tm
(Number of eggs per day eaten in poison area after poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
124 Tz
1 0 0 1 526 295 Tm
(0.3) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 282 Tm
(Number of eggs per day eaten in non-poison area after poisoning) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
124 Tz
1 0 0 1 526 281 Tm
(8.0) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 255 Tm
(Observed number of eggs per day eaten after poisoning = 0.3) Tj
1 0 0 1 176 241 Tm
(Expected number = \(8.5/7.5\) x 8.0 = 9.1) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 213 Tm
(Percentage kill) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 268 212 Tm
(= \(1 - 0.3/9.1\) x 100) Tj
156 Tz
1 0 0 1 269 199 Tm
(=\(1-0.03\)x100) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 269 185 Tm
(= 0.97 x 100) Tj
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 269 170 Tm
(= 97) Tj
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