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2009-01-26T14:08:41Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2009-01-26T14:10:27+13:00
2009-01-26T14:10:27+13:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
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142 Tz 181 775 Td
(THE ECOLOGICAL NICHE OF KOARO AND)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
139 Tz 0 -14 TD
(I)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(NTERACTIONS WITH TROUT)Tj
109 Tz 0 -28 TD
(In the light of what is already known of the behaviour and habitat of ko\
aro,)Tj
0 -13 TD
(my observations point to this species being a versatile generalist able \
to ex-)Tj
110 Tz 0 -15 TD
(ploit a wide range of habitats within bouldery streams. Its drift-feedin\
g be-)Tj
109 Tz 1 -14 Td
(haviour and exploitation of drift lines in pools is very similar to the \
feeding)Tj
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(behaviour of introduced brown and rainbow trout. Where trout have invade\
d)Tj
104 Tz 0 -14 TD
(koaro habitat, predation and competitive displacement of koaro by trout \
seems)Tj
108 Tz 1 -13 Td
(highly likely. Koaro are known to have been heavily reduced by introduce\
d)Tj
105 Tz -1 -14 Td
(trout, especially lake populations \(McDowall 1990\) and I have observed\
juve-)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(nile trout aggressively dominating juvenile koaro in social interactions\
\(per-)Tj
106 Tz T*
(sonal observation\). The relatively high density, and behaviour, of larg\
e koaro)Tj
108 Tz 0 -13 TD
(observed in the pool in Cave Brook gives a indication of how abundant, a\
nd)Tj
107 Tz -1 -15 Td
(visible, koaro might have been throughout New Zealand before the introdu\
c-)Tj
109 Tz 1 -13 Td
(tion of trout.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
105 Tz -1 -62 Td
(Acknowledgments)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
103 Tz 1 -46 Td
(I )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(would like to thank R.M. McDowall and G.J. Glova for useful comments con\
-)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(cerning this observation and J.D. Stark for reviewing an earlier draft o\
f this)Tj
107 Tz T*
(manuscript.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
104 Tz 0 -60 TD
(References)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
89 Tz 0 -45 TD
(Bovee, K.D. 1982: A guide to instream habitat analysis using the instrea\
m flow incremental)Tj
93 Tz 29 -13 Td
(methodology. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cooperative Instream Flow G\
roup,)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
95 Tz -1 -11 Td
(Instream)Tj
94 Tz 40 0 Td
(flow)Tj
98 Tz 22 0 Td
(information paper)Tj
81 Tz 82 0 Td
(12)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
36 Tz 10 0 Td
(.)Tj
88 Tz 4 0 Td
(248p.)Tj
89 Tz -187 -17 Td
(Jowett, I.G., Richardson,J. 1995: Habitat preferences of native fish spe\
cies commonly found)Tj
92 Tz 30 -12 Td
(in New Zealand rivers and implications for minimum flow assessments.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
88 Tz 296 0 Td
(New Zea-)Tj
98 Tz -297 -11 Td
(land journal of marine and freshwater research)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
92 Tz 207 0 Td
(in press.)Tj
91 Tz -236 -17 Td
(Jowett, I.G. 1994: Minimum flow assessment for native fish in the Onekak\
a River, Golden)Tj
90 Tz 30 -12 Td
(Bay. Report to the Department of Conservation, Nelson.)Tj
86 Tz -29 -17 Td
(McDowall, R.M. 1990: New Zealand freshwater fishes; a natural history an\
d guide. Heinemann)Tj
85 Tz 29 -12 Td
(Reed, Auckland. 553p.)Tj
91 Tz -29 -17 Td
(Taylor, M.J. 1988: Features of freshwater fish habitat in South Westland\
, and the effect of)Tj
28 -12 Td
(forestry practices. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
94 Tz 231 0 Td
(New Zealand Freshwater)Tj
93 Tz -231 -11 Td
(Fisheries Report)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
82 Tz 71 0 Td
(No. 97.)Tj
100 Tz 259 -134 Td
(5)Tj
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0 0 0 rg
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 776 Tm
(restricted \(0.08 - 0.80 m\) owing to the limitations of electrofishing. My obser-) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 762 Tm
(vations on koaro habitat use and feeding behaviour suggest that considerable) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 748 Tm
(caution should be exercised when interpreting habitat preferences of rela-) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 734 Tm
(tively little understood native fish from such electrofishing data.) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 706 Tm
(Application of the existing habitat preference curves when assessing the flow) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 692 Tm
(requirements of koaro in streams may underestimate the depths used by this) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 678 Tm
(species. Nevertheless, flow recommendations made from these preference) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 664 Tm
(curves may still adequately protect the range of koaro habitat. This is because) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 651 Tm
(as they now stand, koaro preference curves emphasise the importance of fast) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 637 Tm
(water for this species. Shallow, fast water habitat declines most rapidly when) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 623 Tm
(flows are reduced. Deep pool habitat declines the least as flows are reduced.) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 609 Tm
(Consequently, as long as adequate quantities of fast, shallow habitat for koaro) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 595 Tm
(are retained, adequate quantities of deep, pool habitat should remain.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 567 Tm
(The unusual feeding behaviour and habitat use by koaro observed in Cave) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 553 Tm
(Brook might also be related to the absence of other fish species, particularly) Tj
1 0 0 1 181 539 Tm
(trout. In the face of competition and predation by other species, adult koaro) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 525 Tm
(may contract their habitat range and stay close to cover. Isolated habitat ref-) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 511 Tm
(uges, such as Cave Brook, where koaro occur in the absence of introduced) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 498 Tm
(trout, and most other native fish, provide the best opportunities for studying) Tj
1 0 0 1 182 484 Tm
(habitat preferences of this species.) Tj
154 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 435 Tm
(SIGNIFICANCE TO KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF) Tj
141 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 421 Tm
(KOARO IN THE KAHURANGI NATIONAL PARK) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 393 Tm
(In 1992 I was involved in an electrofishing survey of the Big River catchment) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 379 Tm
(and other westward draining rivers and streams of the North West Nelson) Tj
1 0 0 1 182 365 Tm
(Forest Park as part of a faunal inventory for the then proposed Kahurangi) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 351 Tm
(National Park. During that survey, three Big River tributaries, in the vicinity) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 337 Tm
(of Cave Brook and all on the Gouland Downs, were sampled using a 90 Watt) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 323 Tm
(back-pack electrofishing machine. In total c. 660) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 309 Tm
(koaro and five long finned eel were recorded. Our general impression from) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 295 Tm
(electrofishing was that koaro were rare on the Gouland Downs, possibly ow-) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 281 Tm
(ing to difficult access through the many gorges in Big River on route from the) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 267 Tm
(sea. My observations on Cave Brook, subsequent to undertaking this exten-) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 253 Tm
(sive fish survey raises questions over the adequacy of rapid electrofishing) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 239 Tm
(surveys, using relatively lowpowered electrofishing machines, for assessing) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 225 Tm
(the distribution and relative abundance of native fish. It appears that) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 211 Tm
(electrofishing needs to be augmented by alternative, albeit more time con-) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 197 Tm
(suming, methods such as visual observation \(by daylight or spotlight\) and) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 183 Tm
(perhaps netting and trapping for a confident assessment of species distribu-) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 169 Tm
(tion and relative abundance. The less invasive visual observation methods) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 182 156 Tm
(\(either from the bank or underwater\) have the bonus that they provide valu-) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 181 142 Tm
(able information of the natural behaviour and habitat use by the fish.) Tj
1 0 0 1 437 323 Tm
(were fished. Only four) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 57 33 Tm
(4) Tj
0 g
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BT
0 0 0 rg
/T1_0 11 Tf
107 Tz 181 775 Td
(munication \(P Williams\) in a high-elevation, North-West Nelson lake wh\
ere)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(koaro were observed rising to take adult chironomids at the surface, sim\
ilar)Tj
107 Tz T*
(behaviour to that which I observed in Cave Brook.)Tj
/TT0 11 Tf
108 Tz 0 -28 TD
(I )Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
(have observed koaro feeding during daylight in similar slow-water habita\
t)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(to that in Cave Brook, but on a much smaller scale, in smaller streams \(\
c. 0.1)Tj
53 Tz T*
(-)Tj
101 Tz 6 0 Td
(0.2)Tj
109 Tz -6 -14 Td
(the tumbling, rocky, bushed streams that typify known koaro habitat. How\
-)Tj
106 Tz T*
(ever, even in these streams koaro were observed drift-feeding up in the \
water)Tj
109 Tz T*
(column in back eddies, tails, and eyes of pools and other slow water hab\
itat)Tj
110 Tz 0 -13 TD
(adjacent to fast water. The fast, turbulent water and rocks were used as\
es-)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(cape cover by the fish when disturbed.)Tj
105 Tz 0 -28 TD
(Koaro appear to be negatively buoyant and as a consequence often swim wi\
th)Tj
109 Tz 0 -14 TD
(their bodies downwardly inclined in the direction of the tail. Adults re\
adily)Tj
107 Tz T*
(sink to the bottom when they stop swimming. Whilst I have often seen juv\
e-)Tj
110 Tz T*
(nile koaro feeding up in the water column I was somewhat surprised to se\
e)Tj
T*
(adults also exhibiting this behaviour as it must be energetically demand\
ing)Tj
111 Tz T*
(for a negatively buoyant fish. In the smaller streams mentioned above, t\
he)Tj
1 -13 Td
(larger adult koaro interspersed periods of active drift-feeding in the w\
ater)Tj
T*
(column with bouts of resting on the bottom. It is possible that active d\
rift-)Tj
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(feeding by adult koaro coincides with periods of abundant invertebrate d\
rift,)Tj
1 -14 Td
(at which time the fish may range widely in pool, and other slow-water, h\
abi-)Tj
109 Tz -1 -14 Td
(tats.)Tj
145 Tz 1 -50 Td
(SIGNIFICANCE TO UNDERSTANDING INSTREAM)Tj
139 Tz 0 -13 TD
(HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF KOARO)Tj
108 Tz 0 -28 TD
(Koaro are easily caught by electrofishing from riffles and cascades and \
this)Tj
0 -14 TD
(gives the general impression that these are the habitats in which this s\
pecies)Tj
104 Tz T*
(mainly occurs. My observation of koaro in Cave Brook suggests that the c\
om-)Tj
108 Tz 0 -15 TD
(monly held belief that koaro are a fish of cascades and boulder rapids i\
s too)Tj
0 -14 TD
(restrictive. The apparent habitat preference of koaro for fast, shallow,\
rocky)Tj
106 Tz 0 -13 TD
(habitat may be exaggerated by the sampling limitations of electrofishing\
ma-)Tj
104 Tz 0 -14 TD
(chines. Alternatively, koaro may move into pools, from the cover of fast\
, shal-)Tj
106 Tz T*
(low, rocky habitats, to feed at dusk, and during the night, or to exploi\
t tempo-)Tj
107 Tz T*
(rary abundances of drifting invertebrates.)Tj
0 -28 TD
(Recently, habitat preference criteria have been derived for several New \
Zea-)Tj
105 Tz 0 -14 TD
(land native fish species \(Jowett and Richchardson 1995\) for assessing \
species)Tj
108 Tz -1 -15 Td
(flow requirements with the in-stream flow incremental methodology \(IFIM\
\))Tj
106 Tz 1 -13 Td
(\(Bovee 1982\) and similar work is planned for other species in the near\
future)Tj
109 Tz -1 -14 Td
(\(I. Jowett pers. comm.\). In these studies a stratified sampling proced\
ure us-)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(ing electrofishing has been used whereby the fish and accompanying depth\
,)Tj
105 Tz -1 -14 Td
(velocity, and substrate measurements are collected from depth stratified\
lanes)Tj
107 Tz T*
(or quadrats in runs and riffles \(Jowett 1994, Jowett & Richardson 1995\)\
. Us-)Tj
T*
(ing this method, Jowett \(1994\) quantified the habitat preferences of k\
oaro in)Tj
108 Tz T*
(the Onekaka River, Golden Bay. He found highest densities of koaro in ca\
s-)Tj
111 Tz 1 -14 Td
(cades. The habitat preference curves for depth increased to an optimum a\
t)Tj
105 Tz 0 -15 TD
(c. 0.2 m then declined to 0 at 0.5 m, and for velocity, increased approx\
imately)Tj
111 Tz 0 -13 TD
(linearly from 0 to 1.5 m)Tj
109 Tz 53 635 Td
(in the vicinity of the Heaphy River. These streams are typical of)Tj
110 Tz 90 -636 Td
(However, the depth range sampled was quite)Tj
90 Tz 215 -27 Td
(3)Tj
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q
95 0 0 12 214 470 cm
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BT
0 0 0 rg
/T1_0 11 Tf
107 Tz 182 775 Td
(populations are usually associated with native forest, populations of ko\
aro in)Tj
105 Tz 0 -14 TD
(high-country lakes may also be found in tributaries flowing through suba\
lpine)Tj
109 Tz T*
(tussock grassland. Within these tumbling streams, koaro are commonly be-\
)Tj
105 Tz 0 -13 TD
(lieved to prefer swiftly flowing, bouldery rapids where the fish occur a\
mongst)Tj
108 Tz 0 -14 TD
(boulders on the stream bed \(McDowall 1990\). In a regional survey of So\
uth)Tj
104 Tz -1 -14 Td
(Westland freshwaters, Taylor \(1988\) found koaro usually in cascade poo\
ls, rif-)Tj
107 Tz 1 -14 Td
(fles, and torrents, but significantly less often in runs, and never in s\
luggishly)Tj
T*
(flowing or standing waters.)Tj
/T1_0 28 Tf
101 Tz 0 -61 TD
(Results)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
139 Tz 0 -47 TD
(NEW OBSERVATION OF HABITAT USE AND)Tj
137 Tz 0 -13 TD
(FEEDING BEHAVIOUR)Tj
102 Tz 0 -28 TD
(Recently, whilst on the Heaphy Track, I observed koaro drift-feeding in \
a large,)Tj
112 Tz 0 -14 TD
(slowmoving pool, entirely different habitat to that previously thought u\
ti-)Tj
109 Tz 1 -14 Td
(lised by this species. The observations were made near the Gouland Downs\
)Tj
110 Tz -1 -14 Td
(Hut from a walkway bridge and from the bank on undisturbed fish in Cave)Tj
101 Tz 0 -13 TD
(Brook)Tj
103 Tz 0 -15 TD
(Downs, Kahurangi National Park. The Big River rises steeply onto the Gou\
land)Tj
107 Tz 1 -14 Td
(Downs in a series of gorges and cascades. The pool in which these fish w\
ere)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(observed was c. 25 m long by 5 m wide and for much of its length up to 2\
m)Tj
107 Tz 1 -14 Td
(deep. The flow was estimated visually at roughly 0.5)Tj
112 Tz -1 -27 Td
(About 15 koaro were observed at dusk drift-feeding throughout the water)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(column and from the water surface. Sizes of these fish were estimated vi\
su-)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(ally at c. 150 - 250 mm. These fish initially caught my attention becaus\
e they)Tj
107 Tz T*
(were rising, like trout, for surface insects. As I was aware that trout \
have not)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(been recorded from the upper Big River catchment, I was particularly int\
er-)Tj
1 -14 Td
(ested in identifying these fish. On closer inspection they proved to a s\
pecies)Tj
109 Tz T*
(of galaxiid. Some appeared to have prominent, splayed, pectoral and pelv\
ic)Tj
102 Tz -1 -13 Td
(fins)Tj
110 Tz 22 -1 Td
(which are diagnostic features of koaro. Others, which were larger and)Tj
114 Tz -21 -13 Td
(observed deeper in the pool, appeared stouter and were swimming quite)Tj
107 Tz T*
(strongly in the current. It is not known whether these also were koaro o\
r one)Tj
104 Tz T*
(of the other galaxiid species. Because of their stout build and mid-wate\
r swim-)Tj
113 Tz T*
(ming behaviour I initially thought that these fish may have been the rar\
e)Tj
106 Tz T*
(shortjawed kokopu)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
110 Tz 94 0 Td
(\(Galaxias)Tj
108 Tz 50 0 Td
(postvectis\))Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
36 Tz 53 0 Td
(.)Tj
106 Tz 7 -1 Td
(Most of the fish observed feeding)Tj
109 Tz -205 -13 Td
(were easily frightened, swimming quickly to the bottom of the pool and b\
e-)Tj
111 Tz 1 -14 Td
(neath boulders the moment they detected movement on bank. One fish \(c.)Tj
107 Tz T*
(150 mm\) was captured by hand in the shallows of the pool margin after d\
ark)Tj
108 Tz -1 -14 Td
(and two more larger specimens \(c. 200 mm\) were observed at close quart\
ers)Tj
109 Tz T*
(at the same time in torch-light. These three fish all were koaro.)Tj
107 Tz 0 -28 TD
(The fact that koaro use pools and slow margins should not really be that\
sur-)Tj
104 Tz 0 -14 TD
(prising because this species also is known to form lake populations \(Mc\
Dowall)Tj
109 Tz 1 -13 Td
(1990\). The adults of landlocked koaro are thought to live mostly in str\
eams)Tj
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(entering these lakes, but there are observations of large koaro actually\
in the)Tj
104 Tz 0 -13 TD
(deeper waters of lakes. McDowall \(1990\) records an interesting persona\
l com-)Tj
106 Tz 130 402 Td
(a tributary of the Big River, draining the Gouland)Tj
100 Tz -253 -439 Td
(2)Tj
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103 Tz 181 766 Td
(Abstract)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
100 Tz 1 -45 Td
(Large koaro)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
110 Tz 58 -1 Td
(\(Galaxias)Tj
112 Tz 50 0 Td
(brevipinnis\))Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
107 Tz 64 0 Td
(were observed drift-feeding in the water)Tj
105 Tz -172 -14 Td
(column and from the surface in a pool in Cave Brook, a tributary of Big \
River)Tj
106 Tz 0 -14 TD
(draining the Gouland Downs, Kahurangi National Park, an area free of int\
ro-)Tj
112 Tz T*
(duced trout. This contrasts with the habitat commonly perceived as being\
)Tj
107 Tz -1 -14 Td
(koaro habitat which are cascades and fast, boulder riffles. It is sugges\
ted that)Tj
108 Tz 1 -14 Td
(sampling limitations of electrofishing may have given a misleading impre\
s-)Tj
110 Tz 0 -13 TD
(sion of the habitats occupied by this species in the past, and this may \
have)Tj
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nd)Tj
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(pool habitat use exhibited by koaro is similar to that of introduced tro\
ut.)Tj
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(Introduction)Tj
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(observation of unusual feeding behaviour and habitat use by koaro,)Tj
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(Galaxias)Tj
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(brevipinnis,)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
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(in Cave Brook, a tributary of the Big River draining the Gouland)Tj
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(Downs. The observation extends our knowledge of the ecological niche of)Tj
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(koaro and has important ramifications for understanding instream habitat\
use)Tj
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(by this species and interactions with introduced trout. It also reveals \
some)Tj
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e)Tj
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(lead to underestimates of the distribution and range of habitats occupie\
d by)Tj
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(koaro in the Kahurangi National Park and elsewhere.)Tj
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(KNOWN DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT)Tj
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New)Tj
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(Zealand's native fish fauna have been fairly well described \(McDowall 1\
990\).)Tj
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scribed)Tj
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(\(McDowall 1990\) but much remains unknown of the behaviours of many spe\
-)Tj
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(cies and on the specifics of their habitat use.)Tj
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(Koaro is the second most common, and the most widespread, of the five)Tj
112 Tz 0 -14 TD
(diadromous galaxiids which comprise the whitebait runs around the New)Tj
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(Zealand coastline. It is found in coastal streams throughout the whole c\
oun-)Tj
T*
(try, including Stewart Island, and is also present on the Chatham, Auckl\
and,)Tj
112 Tz 0 -13 TD
(and Campbell Islands \(McDowall 1990\). Of all of the galaxiids, it has \
the)Tj
0 -14 TD
(greatest ability to penetrate inland and its climbing abilities are lege\
ndary)Tj
111 Tz T*
(\(McDowall 1990\). In addition to sea-going populations, landlocked \(la\
ke\))Tj
108 Tz T*
(populations also occur, often at considerable altitude.)Tj
110 Tz 0 -28 TD
(McDowall \(1990\) describes the habitat of koaro as generally being rapi\
dly)Tj
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(flowing, tumbling, rocky streams in native forest. Although seagoing)Tj
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(1)Tj
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(1995 Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand) Tj
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(Hayes, J.W., 1995.) Tj
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(Unusual feeding behaviour and habitat use by koaro.) Tj
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(Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 127,) Tj
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(Department of Conservation, Wellington.) Tj
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(Keywords: koaro,) Tj
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