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2009-06-15T11:41:11Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2009-06-15T11:50:06+12:00
2009-06-15T11:50:06+12:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
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111 Tz
1 0 0 1 79 786 Tm
(1981. Physical and nutritional characteristics of the possum) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 376 785 Tm
(\(Trichosurus vulpecula\)) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 496 784 Tm
(in captivity.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 772 Tm
(New Zealand Journal of Zoology 8: 551-562.) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 745 Tm
(Giles, K., 1981. Profit prospects from the pesky 'possum. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 79 732 Tm
(142: 63-68.) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 704 Tm
(Green, W.Q. 1984. A review of ecological studies relevant to management of the common brushtail) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 689 Tm
(possum. In Smith, A. & Hulme, I. \(eds\) Possums and Gliders, pp. 483-499. Surrey Beatty &) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 676 Tm
(Sons, New South Wales.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 647 Tm
(King, C.M. 1990. The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals. Oxford University Press, Auckland.) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 620 Tm
(Lechowicz, M.J., 1982. The sampling characteristics of electivity indices.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 435 619 Tm
(Oecologia 52: 22-30.) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 593 Tm
(Mason, R., 1958. Foods of the Australian opossum) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 320 592 Tm
(\(Trichosurus vulpecula,) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 441 591 Tm
(Kerr\) in New Zealand) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 579 Tm
(indigenous forest in the Orongorongo Valley, Wellington.) Tj
1 0 0 1 380 577 Tm
(New Zealand Journal of Science 1:) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 565 Tm
(590-616.) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 536 Tm
(Meads, M.J., 1976. Effects of possum browsing on northern rata trees in the Orongorongo Valley,) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 522 Tm
(Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3: 127-139.) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 495 Tm
(Norbury, G.L.; Sanson, G.D., 1992.) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 256 493 Tm
(Problems with measuring the diet selection of terrestrial,) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 481 Tm
(mammalian herbivores. Australian Journal of Ecology 17: 1-7.) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 453 Tm
(Payton, I.J., 1988.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 156 453 Tm
(Canopy closure, a factor in rata) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 317 452 Tm
(\() Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 321 452 Tm
(Metrosideros\) -) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
1 0 0 1 401 452 Tm
(kamahi) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
80 Tz
1 0 0 1 442 451 Tm
(\() Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 445 451 Tm
(Weinmannia\)) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 514 451 Tm
(forest) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 439 Tm
(dieback in Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 11: 39-50.) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 410 Tm
(Williams, C.K.; Turnbull, H.L., 1983. Variations in seasonal nutrition, thermoregulation and water) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 397 Tm
(balance in two New Zealand populations of the common brushtail possum,) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 448 395 Tm
(Trichosurus vulpecula) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
1 0 0 1 78 383 Tm
(\(Phalangeridae\).) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 166 383 Tm
(Australian Journal of Zoology 31: 333-343.) Tj
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101 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 787 Tm
(7.1) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 81 787 Tm
(Regional Variation) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 52 759 Tm
(When individuals are compared from different areas around the country, palatability trials may prove) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 745 Tm
(inconclusive due to regional variation \(see King 1990: 81\). The value of trialling animals with plant) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 732 Tm
(species that were not available in their normal habitat may be low.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 705 Tm
(7.2) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 81 704 Tm
(Learned diet preferences) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 675 Tm
(Possums may feed on some species based on behaviour learned as dependent juveniles. This could) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 661 Tm
(caused marked variation between individuals, especially young possums raised in captivity.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 635 Tm
(7.3) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 81 634 Tm
(Effect of captivity on diet preferences) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 606 Tm
(Edwards \(1978\) points out that dietary preferences of possums may be somewhat different in captivity) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 593 Tm
(to that in the wild. Given the artificial environment in which possums are placed for such trials, some) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 578 Tm
(changes in behaviour can be expected. Efforts made to present vegetation in a fairly natural manner) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 564 Tm
(may alleviate this problem, but trials are necessary to validate this assumption.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 536 Tm
(8.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 81 536 Tm
(RECOMMENDATION) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 508 Tm
(We recommend that a small trial be undertaken by DoC Westland, in collaboration with Lincoln) Tj
1 0 0 1 52 494 Tm
(University, to begin validating the method and determining the sampling effort required for such) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 481 Tm
(studies.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 96 481 Tm
(This should be done using several common plant species for which relative palatabilities have) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 468 Tm
(already been established through field observations.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 440 Tm
(9.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 81 440 Tm
(REFERENCES) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 411 Tm
(Coleman, J.D.; Green, W.Q.; Polson, J.G., 1985. Diet of brushtail possums over a pasture-alpine) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 77 398 Tm
(gradient in) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 134 397 Tm
(Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 8: 21-35.) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 369 Tm
(Dellow, D.W.; Harris, P.M.; Passman, A., 1985. Suitability of formulated diets as sole diets for) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 77 356 Tm
(farming the brushtail possum for fur.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 269 355 Tm
(New Zealand Journal of Agriculture 13: 141-149.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 327 Tm
(Dunnet, G.M.; Harvie, A.E.; Smith, T.J., 1973. Estimating the proportions of various leaves in the diet) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 77 314 Tm
(of the opossum,) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 161 313 Tm
(Trichosurus vulpecula) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 274 313 Tm
(Kerr, by faecal analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 79 300 Tm
(10: 737-745.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 271 Tm
(Edwards, W.R.N., 1978. Effect of salicin content on palatability of) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 398 270 Tm
(Populus) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 442 270 Tm
(foliage to opossum) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 258 Tm
(\(Trichosurus vulpecula\).) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 206 257 Tm
(New Zealand Journal of Science 21: 103-106.) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 229 Tm
(Fitzgerald, A.E., 1976. Diet of the opossum) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 276 228 Tm
(Trichosurus vulpecula) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 388 228 Tm
(\(Kerr\) in the Orongorongo Valley,) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 215 Tm
(Wellington, New Zealand, in relation to food-plant availability. New Zealand Journal of Zoology) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 202 Tm
(3: 399-419.) Tj
1 0 0 1 53 175 Tm
(Fitzgerald, A.E.;) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 138 174 Tm
(Wardle, P., 1979. Food of the opossum) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 345 173 Tm
(Trichosuras vulpecula) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 458 172 Tm
(\(Kerr\) in the Waiho) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 78 161 Tm
(Valley, South Westland.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 206 159 Tm
(New Zealand Journal of Zoology 6: 339-345.) Tj
1 0 0 1 53 132 Tm
(Fitzgerald, A.E.; Clarke, R.T.J.; Reid, C.S.W.; Charleston, W.A.G.; Tarttelin, M.F.; Wyburn, R.S.,) Tj
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483 Tz
1 0 0 1 -3276 786 Tm
(\(IWC\)) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 91 786 Tm
(that is similar in leaf, fruit and flower distribution \(this is used for a subsequent dry-weight) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 773 Tm
(calibration\).) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 121 772 Tm
(To avoid bias, the experimental branch should be selected from each pair using a coin-) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 760 Tm
(toss.) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 731 Tm
(On the morning after the trial, remove the experimental branch and record its remaining wet-weight) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 716 Tm
(\(RWE\) and the weight of the control branch \(RWC\). In addition, score the plant parts that have been) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 703 Tm
(removed by the possums \(i.e, leaves, stems, fruits, flowers and seeds\).) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 410 701 Tm
(We recommend the following) Tj
103 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 690 Tm
(scores:) Tj
84 Tz
1 0 0 1 84 676 Tm
(1.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 108 676 Tm
(No fruit \(flowers\) eaten) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 662 Tm
(2.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 108 662 Tm
(Less than 1/3 eaten) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 649 Tm
(3.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 108 648 Tm
(Between 1/3 and 2/3 eaten) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 635 Tm
(4.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 108 634 Tm
(2/3 or more eaten but not all fruit \(flowers\) eaten) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 621 Tm
(5.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 108 621 Tm
(all fruit \(flowers\) eaten) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
1 0 0 1 54 593 Tm
(6.6 Analysis) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 564 Tm
(6.6.1 Dry weight estimation) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 536 Tm
(After recording wet-weights, the leaves, stems, fruits and flowers of the controls should be removed) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 522 Tm
(from their branch to mimic the feeding that has occurred on the experimental branches. The wet weight) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 508 Tm
(of this sample \(WS\) should be recorded, then oven dry at 45-50C to constant weight \(24-48 hours,) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 494 Tm
(depending on how much moisture is contained in the material\). After drying, reweigh the material to) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 481 Tm
(obtain DS.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 453 Tm
(Calculate the dry weight of plant material eaten as follows:) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 425 Tm
(DRY WEIGHT EATEN = \(IWE - RWE\) * \(IWC/RWC\) * \(DS/WS\)) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 397 Tm
(\(Note that IWC/RWC corrects for desiccation, and DS/WS is a dry wt/wet wt conversion.\)) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 369 Tm
(The relative palatability of different species can then be determined by direct ranking of the dry weight) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 355 Tm
(of plant material consumed \(Lechowicz 1982; Norbury & Sanson 1992\).) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 328 Tm
(6.6) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 327 Tm
(Sample size) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 299 Tm
(A pilot study should be conducted to determine how much replication should be necessary.) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 539 297 Tm
(We) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 286 Tm
(recommend a minimum of 6 possums for this trial.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 257 Tm
(The occasional possum may need to be excluded from the trials if it is feeding abnormally: monitoring) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 243 Tm
(of body weight is probably the least subjective method of assessing how well adjusted individuals are.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 229 Tm
(Where possible, include both sexes, and adults and immatures, in such trials.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 202 Tm
(7.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 201 Tm
(EXTRAPOLATION TO THE FIELD) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 173 Tm
(Diet preference is not the only factor affecting food choice in the field \(Norbury & Sanson 1992\).) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 159 Tm
(Consequently, the results of captive preference trials of this type should be interpreted with considerable) Tj
104 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 147 Tm
(caution.) Tj
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109 Tz
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(6.2) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 787 Tm
(Maintenance in captivity) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 759 Tm
(Select possums for captive trials from the area where the plant species under threat are found, as there) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 745 Tm
(is considerable variation among possums from different populations.) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 416 745 Tm
(For example, Williams and) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 732 Tm
(Turnbull \(1983\) compared aspects of nutrition, thermoregulation and water balance for possums taken) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 717 Tm
(from two populations, one in the Wanganui area and the other in Westland. The Westland animals) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 703 Tm
(were consistently larger than the Wanganui animals, and physiological differences were noted between) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 690 Tm
(the two populations.) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 661 Tm
(Possums are often kept in pens with two or more individuals \(S. Jolly, pers. comm\). One captive) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 647 Tm
(feeding study kept possums in groups of 6-8 rather than in separate cages and, apparently, experienced) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 634 Tm
(no difficulties with aggressive interactions \(Edwards 1978\).) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 373 633 Tm
(However, since aggression between) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 620 Tm
(individuals) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 112 620 Tm
(may interfere with feeding trials, we recommend housing possums in individual cages.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 606 Tm
(Cages should be large enough for presentation stands \(for holding branches of vegetation\) and wooden) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 593 Tm
(nest boxes \(for a daytime retreat\).) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 229 592 Tm
(We consider most cage sizes used most previous studies to be too) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 578 Tm
(small, and recommend a cage size of about 3) Tj
1 0 0 1 53 550 Tm
(Fitzgerald et al. \(1981\) allowed 2-3 weeks for wild possums to adjust to captivity.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 474 549 Tm
(During this time) Tj
125 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 536 Tm
(the animals were fed leafy native vegetation supplemented with apples, carrots and bread.) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 522 Tm
(Alternatively, a commercial pelleted diet seems to be acceptable to captive possums \(Giles 1981;) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 509 Tm
(Fitzgerald et al. 1981; Dellow et al. 1985; S. Jolly, pers. comm.\).) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 481 Tm
(Possums should be weighed frequently, daily if possible, to monitor their stress levels \(body weight is) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 467 Tm
(likely to decrease after capture if the animals are stressed\). Trials can begin after 2-3 weeks, provided) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 453 Tm
(body weight has returned to a level similar to that at time of capture.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 424 452 Tm
(Weight monitoring should) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 439 Tm
(continue to ensure that the possums are not further stressed by the trials.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 411 Tm
(6.3) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 411 Tm
(Presentation of plant material) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 383 Tm
(The trial vegetation should be presented in as natural a form as possible; for example, by presenting) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 369 Tm
(whole branches with leaves intact.) Tj
1 0 0 1 236 368 Tm
(Branches should be numbered to avoid errors in data recording.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 355 Tm
(To prevent leaf desiccation, branches could be placed in bottles of water sunk into the ground \(Edwards) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 341 Tm
(1978\). If the cages are outdoors, shade cloth should be erected over their tops and sides to reduce) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 327 Tm
(sunlight and airflow. Spraying the cage with water after each trial is laid down was recommended by) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 314 Tm
(Edwards \(1978\).) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 285 Tm
(The normal ration of food provided during the adjustment period should be maintained during the trial,) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 272 Tm
(together with sufficient clean water.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 244 Tm
(6.4) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 83 244 Tm
(Assessment of possum browse) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 215 Tm
(We recommend a minimum of three, and a maximum of five, plant species be trialled on a given night) Tj
1 0 0 1 55 201 Tm
(with each possum. At least two common species of known palatability should be present to "calibrate") Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 188 Tm
(each trial.) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 111 187 Tm
(Each night, the branches should be shifted to a new location in the cage to avoid position) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 175 Tm
(bias.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 55 146 Tm
(The initial wet-weight of each "experimental' branch \(IWE\) should be recorded and the leaves counted) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 56 132 Tm
(at the start of each presentation.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 229 131 Tm
(Also record the initial wet-weight of a matched "control" branch) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 301 578 Tm
(for each possum.) Tj
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120 Tz
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(photographed at the beginning of trials and used as a reference by observers.) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 476 785 Tm
(Meads used six) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 772 Tm
(observation sites, three on the ground and three 20 metres above ground on platforms in trees close to) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 760 Tm
(the study trees.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 137 759 Tm
(Consequently, trees could be viewed from above and below.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 446 758 Tm
(Meads initially) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 745 Tm
(developed a 5-point scale for scoring browse, later adopting a 7-point scale. Payton \(1988\) used six) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 732 Tm
(divisions, arguing that the use of further gradations resulted in too many inconsistencies.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 703 Tm
(Both authors found that other animals, particularly invertebrates, browsed on the plants so that methods) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 689 Tm
(for distinguishing possum browse from insect browse had to be developed.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 437 688 Tm
(Meads \(1976\) estimated) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 675 Tm
(that one hour per tree was required to provide accurate observations.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 422 674 Tm
(Observations could not be) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 661 Tm
(conducted in early morning or early afternoon because the sun produced too much glare.) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 634 Tm
(Given that Meads and Payton both studied a single plant species, we consider such field methods are) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 620 Tm
(considered too problematic and time-consuming to be effective for assessing the palatability of) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 607 Tm
(numerous threatened plant species.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 578 Tm
(4.) Tj
1 0 0 1 82 578 Tm
(OBJECTIVES) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 549 Tm
(Through a review of the literature currently available on possum feeding behaviour and dietary) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 536 Tm
(preferences, to:) Tj
1 0 0 1 82 508 Tm
(Develop a method for assessing the palatability of particular threatened plant species to possums.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 481 Tm
(Discuss the extent to which such results might be extrapolated to field situations.) Tj
1 0 0 1 82 452 Tm
(Cite references relating to any similar work undertaken in the past.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 411 Tm
(5.) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 410 Tm
(CAPTIVE METHODS FOR ASSESSING POSSUM DIET PREFERENCES) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 383 Tm
(Measuring diet preferences of free-ranging possums is problematic \(see above\). Captive feeding trials) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 368 Tm
(may offer a way to gain some information on the palatability of species that would be very difficult) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 354 Tm
(to study in the field. Such trials have been conducted by a number of researchers, with objectives) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 340 Tm
(varying from improving knowledge of the physical and nutritional requirements of possums in captivity) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 326 Tm
(\(Fitzgerald et al. 1981\) to selecting artificial diets which are both palatable to possums and produce) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 312 Tm
(good possum pelts for export \(Dellow et al. 1985; Giles 1981\). Edwards \(1978\) investigated the link) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 299 Tm
(between levels of salicin compounds in foliage of) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 297 298 Tm
(Populus) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 341 297 Tm
(by testing the palatability of clones differing) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 285 Tm
(in their salicin content.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 258 Tm
(6.1) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 258 Tm
(Proposed methodology) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 228 Tm
(We recommend that the palatability of threatened species be assessed through feeding trials with captive) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 214 Tm
(possums. Possums should be individually caged and allowed to adjust to captivity for 2-3 weeks. The) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 200 Tm
(threatened species should then be presented to the possums, together with other common species of) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 187 Tm
(known palatability.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 156 186 Tm
(Relative preference for these species should be scored based on the dry weight of) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 174 Tm
(plant material consumed.) Tj
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96 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 787 Tm
(2.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 786 Tm
(INTRODUCTION) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 759 Tm
(The introduction of brushtail possums) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 257 758 Tm
(\(Trichosurus vulpecula\)) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 383 758 Tm
(into a country previously without) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 745 Tm
(arboreal mammals has had a pervasive impact on New Zealand's indigenous ecosystems \(Green 1984\).) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 732 Tm
(Possums selectively browse palatable plant species, eliminating some while favouring those that are) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 718 Tm
(unpalatable.) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 122 717 Tm
(This results in a progressive change in the species composition of browsed vegetation) Tj
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 704 Tm
(associations.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 674 Tm
(Measuring diet preferences of free-ranging animals is fraught with problems \(Norbury & Sanson 1992\),) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 661 Tm
(especially when the species concerned are rare or threatened. However, it is particularly important to) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 647 Tm
(establish the palatability of such species to possums, as this will help direct their future conservation) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 634 Tm
(management.) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 606 Tm
(In this report, we propose a method for assessing the palatability of selected threatened plant species) Tj
1 0 0 1 54 593 Tm
(using captive possums.) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 591 Tm
(The report was prepared as external unprogrammed science advice for the) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 578 Tm
(Westland Conservancy, Department of Conservation.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 550 Tm
(3.) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 550 Tm
(BACKGROUND) Tj
101 Tz
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(3.1) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 522 Tm
(Possum diet preferences) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 494 Tm
(Possums eat a wide variety of plant material including leaves, fruits, seeds and flowers \(King 1990\).) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 480 Tm
(Some fungi and animal material \(mainly invertebrates\) are also taken as protein. Studies conducted in) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 466 Tm
(the Orongorongo Valley \(Mason 1958; Fitzgerald et al. 1973\) suggest that possum diet changed in this) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 452 Tm
(area between 1946 and 1968. A number of the most highly favoured plant species in 1946 were no) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 438 Tm
(longer present in the valley forest during the early 1970s; browsing on these species had been) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 424 Tm
(sufficiently intense that they virtually disappeared from both the forest and the diet.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 396 Tm
(In these studies, Mason \(1958\) assessed plant material found in possum gut samples, claiming that the) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 382 Tm
(technique was reliable except for species with very thin leaves. Observations of possum browse based) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 368 Tm
(on damage to plants were used to support the gut analyses. Fitzgerald \(1976\) chose to assess diet by) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 355 Tm
(faecal) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 88 354 Tm
(analysis, which may be unreliable for some plant species because of variable persistence of) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 341 Tm
(cuticle in the faeces \(Dunnet et al. 1973\).) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 312 Tm
(A number of other studies on possum diet conducted in the field have shown marked diet preferences,) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 298 Tm
(with these varying according to species availability in the areas studied \(e.g., Fitzgerald & Wardle 1979;) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 284 Tm
(Coleman et al. 1985\). These preferences were assessed using faecal or gut sample analyses.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 258 Tm
(3.2) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 82 257 Tm
(Field methods for assessing possum diet) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
1 0 0 1 54 229 Tm
(Diet preferences can potentially be assessed by direct observation.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 394 228 Tm
(However, possums are nocturnal) Tj
121 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 215 Tm
(so this requires the use of night-vision or video equipment.) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 385 214 Tm
(Such methods are expensive and) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 201 Tm
(exceedingly time-consuming, especially when seeking highly infrequent encounters of possums with) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 188 Tm
(rare plant species.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 159 Tm
(Meads \(1976\) developed a method of scoring levels of possum browse on northern rata) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 488 157 Tm
(\() Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 492 157 Tm
(Metrosideros) Tj
112 Tz
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(robusta\)) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
72 Tz
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(,) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 103 145 Tm
(which was later used and refined by Payton \(1988\). Discrete bunches of leafy vegetation) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 54 131 Tm
(\("crowns"\) were used as units of measurement for both studies. One aspect of each tree studied was) Tj
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