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(4)Tj
115 Tz -451 -22 Td
(Everts,)Tj
133 Tz 46 -1 Td
(J.W.; van Frankenhuyzen, K.; Roman, B.; Cullen, J.; Copplestone, J.;)Tj
120 Tz -9 -13 Td
(Koeman, J.H. 1983: Observations on side effects of endosulfan used to co\
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117 Tz 0 -13 TD
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sleeping)Tj
116 Tz 0 -12 TD
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114 Tz 131 -1 Td
(Tropical Pest Management 29:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 161 0 Td
(177-182.)Tj
122 Tz -329 -13 Td
(Hall, R.J. 1980: Effects of environmental contaminants on reptiles: a re\
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37 -13 Td
(States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, special sc\
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115 Tz -1 -12 Td
(report - wildlife no. 228.)Tj
116 Tz 134 -1 Td
(Washington D.C., USA. 12 p.)Tj
115 Tz -170 -12 Td
(Hall, R.J.; Clark, D.R. Jr 1982: Responses of the iguanid lizard)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
322 -1 Td
(Anolis carolinensis)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
113 Tz 101 0 Td
(to four)Tj
115 Tz -386 -12 Td
(organophosphorus pesticides.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
159 -1 Td
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/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 204 0 Td
(45-52.)Tj
113 Tz -400 -12 Td
(Henle,)Tj
118 Tz 41 0 Td
(K. 1988:)Tj
127 Tz 61 -1 Td
(Amphibian and reptile fatalities caused by chlordane spraying?)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
117 Tz -65 -12 Td
(Victorian Naturalist 105:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
106 Tz 135 -1 Td
(216-217.)Tj
118 Tz -172 -13 Td
(Lock, J.W.; Solly, S.R.B. 1976:)Tj
123 Tz 179 0 Td
(Organochlorine residues in New Zealand birds and)Tj
116 Tz -142 -13 Td
(mammals. 1. Pesticides.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
114 Tz 132 0 Td
(New Zealand journal of science 19:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 185 0 Td
(43-51.)Tj
121 Tz -353 -12 Td
(McIlroy, J.C. 1986:)Tj
2000 Tz -69 233 Td
(\t)Tj
129 Tz 191 -234 Td
(The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison.)Tj
2000 Tz -191 234 Td
(\t)Tj
97 Tz 510 -234 Td
(IX.)Tj
116 Tz -405 -12 Td
(Comparisons between the major groups of animals, and the potential dange\
r non-)Tj
115 Tz 0 -13 TD
(target species face from 1080-poisoning campaigns.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
118 Tz 273 -1 Td
(Australian wildlife research)Tj
105 Tz -273 -12 Td
(13:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 19 0 Td
(39-48.)Tj
119 Tz -55 -13 Td
(McIlroy, J.C. 1992: Secondary poisoning hazards associated with 1080-tre\
ated carrot-)Tj
120 Tz 36 -13 Td
(baiting campaigns against rabbits,)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
114 Tz 186 -1 Td
(Oryctolagus cuniculus.)Tj
115 Tz 126 0 Td
(Wildlife research 19:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz -312 -12 Td
(629-641.)Tj
113 Tz -36 -14 Td
(McIlroy, J.C.; King, D.R.; Oliver, A.J. 1985: The sensitivity of Austral\
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109 Tz 36 -12 Td
(poison.)Tj
110 Tz 42 0 Td
(VIII.)Tj
116 Tz 32 -1 Td
(Amphibians and reptiles.)Tj
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135 0 Td
(Australian wildlife research 12:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
106 Tz 168 -1 Td
(113-118.)Tj
120 Tz -413 -12 Td
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conservation)Tj
113 Tz 36 -12 Td
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119 Tz 75 0 Td
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116 Tz 13 -1 Td
(the Jersey wildlife preservation trust 24:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
105 Tz 213 0 Td
(19-44.)Tj
119 Tz -414 -12 Td
(Patterson, G.B. 1992: Development of Otago skink and grand skink populat\
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120 Tz 36 -13 Td
(and monitoring techniques.)Tj
119 Tz 156 0 Td
(Department of Conservation, Science & Research)Tj
121 Tz -156 -13 Td
(internal report no. 133. 23 p.)Tj
118 Tz -36 -13 Td
(Towns, D.R.; McFadden, I. 1991: The use of Talon 20P and Talon 50WB agai\
nst kiore)Tj
100 Tz 36 -14 Td
(\()Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
118 Tz 3.748 0 Td
(Rattus exulans)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
80 Tz 78 0 Td
(\))Tj
120 Tz 7 0 Td
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118 Tz -88.748 -13 Td
(Conservation, contract report \(unpublished\). 6 p.)Tj
115 Tz -36 -13 Td
(Tucker, R.K.; Crabtree, D.G. 1970: Handbook of toxicity of pesticides to\
wildlife. United)Tj
36 -13 Td
(States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Resource P\
ublication)Tj
114 Tz 0 -12 TD
(No. 84. 131 p.)Tj
118 Tz -36 -13 Td
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/T1_1 11 Tf
113 Tz 318 -1 Td
(Herpetologica 23:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 94 0 Td
(309-310.)Tj
117 Tz -412 -12 Td
(Whitaker, A.H. 1984: A survey of the lizards of the Lindis Pass area, Ot\
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105 Tz 37 -13 Td
(1984.)Tj
117 Tz 34 0 Td
(New Zealand Wildlife Service report \(unpublished\). 26 p.)Tj
121 Tz -72 -14 Td
(Whitaker, A.H. 1985: A survey of the lizards of the Mt Ida area, Otago, \
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105 Tz 38 -12 Td
(1985.)Tj
121 Tz 37 0 Td
(Otago 'giant' skink survey, no. 2.)Tj
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(New Zealand Wildlife Service report)Tj
120 Tz -225 -12 Td
(\(unpublished\). 36 p.)Tj
117 Tz -37 -14 Td
(Whitaker, A.H. 1987: The roles of lizards in New Zealand plant reproduct\
ive strategies.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
119 Tz 36 -12 Td
(New Zealand journal)Tj
115 -1 Td
(of)Tj
112 Tz 13 0 Td
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/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 57 0 Td
(315-328.)Tj
119 Tz -221 -12 Td
(Whitaker, A.H.; Loh, G. 1991: Species recovery plan for the Otago skink)Tj
80 Tz 391 -1 Td
(\()Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
114 Tz 3 0 Td
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113 Tz -358 -12 Td
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53 Tz 113 0 Td
(\()Tj
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115 Tz 2 -1 Td
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(\))Tj
108 Tz 8 0 Td
(1991-1996.)Tj
119 Tz 65 0 Td
(Department of)Tj
118 Tz -344 -12 Td
(Conservation, Wellington \(unpublished draft\). 36 p.)Tj
124 Tz -37 -13 Td
(Whitaker, T.; Thomas, B. 1989:)Tj
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187 -1 Td
(New Zealand lizards: an annotated bibliography.)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
119 Tz -150 -12 Td
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(3)Tj
117 Tz -451 -23 Td
(Australian lizards following the spraying of chlordane for termite contr\
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121 Tz 1 -13 Td
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117 Tz 0 -13 TD
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119 Tz T*
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114 Tz T*
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115 Tz T*
(\(Evert)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
111 Tz 35 0 Td
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/T1_0 11 Tf
105 Tz 29 0 Td
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115 Tz 36 0 Td
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113 Tz 0 -39 TD
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121 Tz 0 -26 TD
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125 Tz -1 -26 Td
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120 Tz T*
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100 Tz 1 -13 Td
(\()Tj
113 Tz 4.758 0 Td
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117 Tz -4.758 -26 Td
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118 Tz -1 -13 Td
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/T1_2 11 Tf
114 Tz 0 -26 TD
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/T1_0 11 Tf
118 Tz T*
(Best, S.M. 1973:)Tj
2000 Tz -70 599 Td
(\t)Tj
120 Tz 170 -599 Td
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116 Tz -63 -13 Td
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/T1_1 11 Tf
121 Tz 160 0 Td
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119 Tz 101 0 Td
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111 Tz 14 0 Td
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/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 117 0 Td
(1161-)Tj
109 Tz -392 -13 Td
(1170.)Tj
118 Tz -37 -13 Td
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37 -13 Td
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/T1_1 11 Tf
112 Tz 92 0 Td
(Transactions of the Royal Society)Tj
119 Tz 173 0 Td
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118 Tz 12 0 Td
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105 Tz 112 0 Td
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121 Tz -426 -13 Td
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127 Tz 187 0 Td
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113 Tz -150 -13 Td
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/T1_1 11 Tf
98 Tz 0 -13 TD
(60:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 19 0 Td
(1981-1997.)Tj
115 Tz -56 -13 Td
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oroacetamide)Tj
116 Tz 37 -12 Td
(\(1081\) in wildlife and domestic carnivores.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
126 Tz 230 0 Td
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119 Tz 46 0 Td
(of)Tj
115 Tz 13 0 Td
(wildlife diseases 15:)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 109 -1 Td
(319-)Tj
103 Tz -398 -12 Td
(325.)Tj
117 Tz -37 -13 Td
(Brock, E.M. 1965:)Tj
123 Tz 110 0 Td
(Toxicological feeding trials to evaluate the hazard of secondary)Tj
116 Tz -74 -13 Td
(poisoning to gopher snakes,)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
148 0 Td
(Pituophis catenifer.)Tj
112 Tz 108 0 Td
(Copeia 1965 \(2\):)Tj
/T1_0 11 Tf
108 Tz 88 0 Td
(244-245.)Tj
119 Tz -160 597 Td
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/T1_1 11 Tf
120 Tz 94 -520 Td
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122 Tz
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(Sodium monofluoroacetate) Tj
111 Tz
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(\(1080\)) Tj
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119 Tz
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53 Tz
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(\() Tj
114 Tz
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121 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 710 Tm
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114 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 698 Tm
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118 Tz
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1 0 0 1 70 672 Tm
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120 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 646 Tm
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116 Tz
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121 Tz
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117 Tz
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121 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 594 Tm
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119 Tz
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(Gopher snakes fed rodents poisoned with 1080) Tj
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117 Tz
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115 Tz
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/OP11Font0 11 Tf
122 Tz
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/OP11Font1 11 Tf
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 516 Tm
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117 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 503 Tm
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115 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 490 Tm
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120 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 477 Tm
(out of 12 gopher snakes died after being fed rodents poisoned with strychnine \(Brock) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 464 Tm
(1965\).) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
123 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 438 Tm
(Anticoagulants) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 424 Tm
(There are no published) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 411 Tm
(during the eradication of rabbits from Round Island, Mauritius, skinks were observed) Tj
1 0 0 1 71 398 Tm
(eating rain-softened) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 385 Tm
(residues of brodifacoum, the active ingredient in) Tj
121 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 372 Tm
(death of more than 100 individuals, skinks remained abundant on the island. Aerially) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 359 Tm
(sown) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 347 Tm
(numbers on Stanley Island \(Towns & McFadden 1991\).) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 321 Tm
(Insectivorous and predatory lizards are potentially at risk of secondary poisoning from use) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 308 Tm
(of anticoagulants \(Merton 1987\).) Tj
121 Tz
1 0 0 1 255 308 Tm
(However, there are no known reports of secondary) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 295 Tm
(poisoning in lizards. The only report on secondary poisoning in reptiles concerns gopher) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 281 Tm
(snakes, which showed no reaction to consuming rodents poisoned with three first) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 268 Tm
(generation anticoagulants, Warfarin, Diphacin, or Prolin \(Brock 1965\).) Tj
1 0 0 1 71 242 Tm
(Reptiles have a distinct blood coagulation chemistry to that of mammals \(Merton 1987\).) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 71 230 Tm
(Most of the skinks containing brodifacoum residues on Round Island did not have internal) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 217 Tm
(haemorrhaging, prompting Merton to suggest that brodifacoum inhibited regulation of) Tj
121 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 204 Tm
(body temperature rather than blood coagulation in these animals, causing them to die) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 191 Tm
(from over-heating when exposed to high ambient temperatures.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
126 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 165 Tm
(Insecticides) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 152 Tm
(Hall \(1980\) reviewed several studies showing deaths of lizards and other reptiles following) Tj
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 139 Tm
(use of organochlorine pesticides, especially DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, and Heptachlor.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 126 Tm
(Reptiles have been reported to be more sensitive to the effects of these pesticides than are) Tj
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 113 Tm
(birds and mammals. However, although dying on lower doses reptiles generally took) Tj
123 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 100 Tm
(longer to die than other animals. There is one report of widespread mortality in two) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 87 Tm
(lizard populations following application of Heptachlor \(Hall 1980\).) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 61 Tm
(Reports not reviewed by Hall \(1980\) include the finding of residues of DDT and other) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 70 48 Tm
(organochlorines in Australian lizards \(Best 1973, Birks & Olsen 1987\) and the death of) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 520 799 Tm
(2) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 162 749 Tm
(for five species of Australian lizards range from 43.6 to 543.2 mg1kg) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 224 516 Tm
(data on acute toxicity of strychnine to reptiles.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 478 515 Tm
(However,) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 421 502 Tm
(2.21 cf. 54.4; Tucker) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 216 424 Tm
(data on acute toxicity of anticoagulants to reptiles. However,) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 228 398 Tm
(20P pellet baits and those later found dead contained) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 363 385 Tm
(20P \(Merton 1987\). Despite the) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 142 360 Tm
(20P for the eradication of rats and rabbits did not appear to reduce lizard) Tj
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1 0 0 1 68 786 Tm
(A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON LIZARDS) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 760 Tm
(E.B. Spurr) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 746 Tm
(Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, P.O. Box 31-011, Christchurch, New Zealand) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 708 Tm
(INTRODUCTION) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 682 Tm
(It has been suggested that rabbit control operations using sodium monofluoroacetate) Tj
1 0 0 1 69 668 Tm
(\(1080\) may be implicated, directly or indirectly, in the decline of the "giant" skinks,) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 656 Tm
(Leiolopisma otagense) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 180 656 Tm
(and) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 202 656 Tm
(L. grande,) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
1 0 0 1 258 655 Tm
(in Central Otago \(Whitaker 1984, 1985, Whitaker &) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 642 Tm
(Loh 1991\). Possible impacts on lizards include direct poisoning from eating \(or licking\)) Tj
1 0 0 1 69 629 Tm
(poisoned bait and secondary poisoning from eating dead, dying, or disorientated insects) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 616 Tm
(containing 1080. Poisoning could impair movement making lizards more vulnerable to) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 603 Tm
(death from other causes such as heat stress or predation. Sub-lethal doses could) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 591 Tm
(detrimentally affect reproductive performance.) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 324 590 Tm
(Other possible indirect effects include) Tj
125 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 578 Tm
(starvation, if large numbers of invertebrates are killed by poisoning, and increased) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 565 Tm
(predation if ferrets and feral cats switch diet after the removal of rabbits. Older poisons) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 552 Tm
(such as strychnine, and newer poisons such as the anticoagulant brodifacoum, may affect) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 539 Tm
(lizards in the same way as 1080.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 499 Tm
(OBJECTIVE) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 473 Tm
(To review existing knowledge on the palatability of baits to lizards and on the effects of) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 461 Tm
(poisons on lizard survival.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 421 Tm
(METHODS) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 395 Tm
(The literature cited in BIOSIS Previews from 1969-1993 was searched by a computer data) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 382 Tm
(retrieval system using codes for pest control, toxicology, and reptiles.) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 421 381 Tm
(Whitaker & Thomas) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 369 Tm
(\(1989\) and reference lists in the back of identified references were also checked.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 331 Tm
(RESULTS) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 304 Tm
(The computer search identified literature on the effects of 1080, strychnine,) Tj
124 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 291 Tm
(anticoagulants, and insecticides on reptiles. Insecticides are included in this review) Tj
1 0 0 1 69 278 Tm
(because they may have an impact on lizards in some parts of New Zealand if not in) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 265 Tm
(Central Otago.) Tj
/OP11Font0 11 Tf
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 226 Tm
(Baits) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 213 Tm
(Whitaker \(1984, 1985\) stated that New Zealand lizards are unlikely to eat carrot, pollard,) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 69 200 Tm
(or grain baits containing pesticides. However, several species of lizards in Australia have) Tj
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 188 Tm
(been observed eating carrot bait intended for rabbits \(McIlroy) Tj
/OP11Font2 11 Tf
106 Tz
1 0 0 1 383 187 Tm
(et al.) Tj
/OP11Font1 11 Tf
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 411 187 Tm
(1985\). Telfair's skinks) Tj
120 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 174 Tm
(on Round Island, Mauritius, picked up and carried away pieces of raw carrot bait, and) Tj
126 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 161 Tm
(were attracted to small insects that were eating raw oat baits \(Merton 1987\). They) Tj
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 148 Tm
(showed only a passing interest in fresh pollard/bran pellet baits but ate rain-softened) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 136 Tm
(ones.) Tj
119 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 110 Tm
(New Zealand geckos and skinks naturally eat soft fruit, and geckos also eat nectar and) Tj
1 0 0 1 68 97 Tm
(honeydew \(Whitaker 1987\).) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 231 97 Tm
(Several species also eat canned fruit, especially pear) Tj
80 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 84 Tm
(\() Tj
123 Tz
1 0 0 1 72 84 Tm
(Whitaker 1967, Patterson 1992\). Captive geckos and skinks eat soft fruit and other) Tj
116 Tz
1 0 0 1 68 71 Tm
(sweet foods such as honey and syrups \(Whitaker 1967\). Whitaker \(1985\) considered that) Tj
117 Tz
1 0 0 1 66 58 Tm
(jam-based baits \(or pastes\) used for some rabbit poisoning operations would be eaten by) Tj
118 Tz
1 0 0 1 67 45 Tm
(both geckos and skinks.) Tj
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(ISSN 1171-9834) Tj
1 0 0 1 80 500 Tm
(Reference to material in this report should be cited thus:) Tj
97 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 473 Tm
(Spurr, E.B., 1993.) Tj
99 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 459 Tm
(A review of the effects of pesticides on lizards.) Tj
/OP11Font1 13 Tf
93 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 445 Tm
(Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 33,) Tj
/OP11Font0 13 Tf
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 312 445 Tm
(Department of Conservation,) Tj
95 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 431 Tm
(Wellington. 4p.) Tj
98 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 124 Tm
(Commissioned by: Otago Conservancy.) Tj
99 Tz
1 0 0 1 80 110 Tm
(Location: NZMS) Tj
1 0 0 1 94 570 Tm
(1993 Department of Conservation) Tj
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