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2008-06-20T14:30:38Z
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
2008-06-20T14:34:09+12:00
2008-06-20T14:34:09+12:00
OmniPage 11 http://www.scansoft.com
application/pdf
Causes of kiwi mortality in Northland
casn169
R J Pierce & W Sporle
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(Causes of kiwi mortality in) Tj
117 Tz
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(Northland) Tj
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113 Tz
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(R J Pierce and W Sporle) Tj
117 Tz
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(Department of Conservation) Tj
113 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 620 Tm
(PO Box 842) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 606 Tm
(Whangarei) Tj
117 Tz
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(Published by) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 93 Tm
(Department of Conservation) Tj
112 Tz
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(Head Office, PO Box 10-420) Tj
113 Tz
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(Wellington, New Zealand) Tj
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(6.) Tj
132 Tz
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(References) Tj
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111 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 727 Tm
(Butler, D. and McLennan, J. 1990. Kiwi recovery plan. Threatened Species Recovery Plan) Tj
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 206 716 Tm
(Series No. 2. Department of Conservation, Wellington.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 699 Tm
(Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic) Tj
108 Tz
1 0 0 1 205 688 Tm
(birds, Vol. 1. Melbourne, Oxford University Press.) Tj
115 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 670 Tm
(Miller, P and Pierce, R. in press. Distribution and decline of North Island brown kiwi in) Tj
112 Tz
1 0 0 1 205 659 Tm
(Northland. Notornis in press.) Tj
110 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 641 Tm
(Reid, B., Ordish, R.G., Harrison, M. 1982. An analysis of the gizzard contents of 50 North) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 205 630 Tm
(Island brown kiwi) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
114 Tz
1 0 0 1 281 630 Tm
(\(Apteryx australis mantelli\)) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 400 629 Tm
(and notes on feeding observations.) Tj
105 Tz
1 0 0 1 205 619 Tm
(NZ J Ecol. 5:76-85.) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 601 Tm
(Taborsky, M. 1988. Kiwis and dog predation: observations in Waitangi State Forest. Notornis) Tj
1 0 0 1 205 590 Tm
(35:197-202.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 39 Tm
(6) Tj
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(4.) Tj
133 Tz
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(Discussion) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
129 Tz
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(Because these data rely mainly on casual observations by the public and DoC) Tj
135 Tz
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(field staff, they will be biased towards human-related causes of death, e.g.) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 697 Tm
(vehicle kills, trapping and accidents with artificial structures. They will also) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 683 Tm
(be biased towards some categories of dog kills, particularly pet dogs and farm) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 669 Tm
(and possum hunters' dogs, since most of these dogs are accompanied by their) Tj
1 0 0 1 179 655 Tm
(owners. However, many owners would not have reported kiwi deaths for fear) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 641 Tm
(of repercussions. Feral/stray dog kills are less likely to be detected because) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 627 Tm
(they can occur at isolated sites, well away from roads and tracks. For exam-) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 614 Tm
(ple, of the estimated 400-500 kiwi killed in Waitangi by a stray dog in 1987,) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 600 Tm
(only 23 carcasses were actually found \(Taborsky 1988\). Stray and feral dogs) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 586 Tm
(are frequently sighted in forests, forest remnants and shrublands, and their) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 572 Tm
(true impact is probably under-estimated by this dataset. Whatever the biases,) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 558 Tm
(the reporting of 135 dog-killed kiwi over a four year period is an alarming) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 544 Tm
(statistic for what is a slow-reproducing, potentially long-lived species. The) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 530 Tm
(figure probably under-estimates by severalfold the actual dog-kills that oc-) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 517 Tm
(curred in Northland during this period.) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 489 Tm
(Another group of predators that is likely to have its predation go largely un-) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 475 Tm
(detected by casual observation is that of mustelids and feral cats. These preda-) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 461 Tm
(tors usually drag their prey to secluded sites so that any carcasses of kiwi are) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 447 Tm
(even less likely to be spotted than are those killed by feral/stray dogs.There) Tj
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 433 Tm
(have been a few other observations of feral cats chasing and fighting with) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 419 Tm
(adult and young kiwi in which the observer intervened to rescue the kiwi \(P) Tj
125 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 405 Tm
(Anderson, S. McManus pers. comm.\). However, current research near Whanga-) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 391 Tm
(rei suggests that juvenile kiwi are extremely vulnerable in areas supporting) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 377 Tm
(cat and mustelid populations, whereas adults are apparently less vulnerable) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 364 Tm
(to these predators \(P Miller, H.A. Robertson pers. comm.\). However, rogue) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 350 Tm
(ferrets or cats, like rogue dogs, may affect local populations.) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 322 Tm
(The impacts of dogs and other predators undoubtedly extend beyond deaths) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 307 Tm
(of adults and young kiwi. A number of nest desertions have been reportedly) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 293 Tm
(caused by dogs as well as humans and machinery, while the possible impacts) Tj
138 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 279 Tm
(of possum disturbance and predators is currently being investigated near) Tj
126 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 265 Tm
(Whangarei. One instance of stoat predation of an egg was found on Motuarohia) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 252 Tm
(Island in the Bay of Islands, the egg displaying three sets of stoat canine teeth) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 239 Tm
(marks around the opening.) Tj
/OP11Font0 22 Tf
115 Tz
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(5.) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 176 Tm
(Acknowledgements) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
1 0 0 1 177 130 Tm
(We thank the following people for their detailed contributions on causes of) Tj
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 117 Tm
(kiwi mortality: P Anderson, L. Charman, K. Hawkins,T. Jackson, M. McGlynn, P) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 103 Tm
(Miller, T. Herbert, D. Taylor, B. Waddell, A. Walker and R. Webb; and H.A.) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 88 Tm
(Robertson for comments on the manuscript.) Tj
111 Tz
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(5) Tj
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149 Tz
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(Vehicles accounted for 12 kiwi deaths reported in 1990-95. These were mainly) Tj
131 Tz
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(3.2.3) Tj
143 Tz
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/OP11Font1 9 Tf
129 Tz
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(Seven kiwi were killed or died later as a result of being caught in gin or victor) Tj
134 Tz
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(traps set for possums. At least two of the traps had been placed in elevated) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 654 Tm
(positions \(sloping ponga, fallen tree trunk\) in order to minimise the chances) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 640 Tm
(of kiwi being caught. During this period about 10 kiwi were treated for trap-) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 626 Tm
(ping injuries by the Whangarei Native Bird Recovery Centre before being re-) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 612 Tm
(leased back into the wild \(R. Webb pers. comm.\).) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
150 Tz
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(3.2.4) Tj
2000 Tz
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(\t) Tj
147 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 585 Tm
(Mustelid/Cat Deaths) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
137 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 557 Tm
(Five kiwi were recorded killed by a feral cat \(1\), ferret \(1\), stoat) Tj
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130 Tz
1 0 0 1 499 557 Tm
(\(Mustela) Tj
139 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 543 Tm
(erminea\)) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
122 Tz
1 0 0 1 227 543 Tm
(\(1\)) Tj
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 245 543 Tm
(and cat or mustelid \(2\). The stoat killed and removed a kiwi) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 529 Tm
(chick from its burrow during the day. The other four incidents occurred at) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 515 Tm
(night and included a feral cat killing an adult kiwi after a long struggle. Two) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 501 Tm
(additional captive kiwi were recorded killed by a stoat \(sick kiwi\) and a fer-) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 487 Tm
(ret \(healthy adult kiwi\) \(P Hulse, P .Anderson pers. comm.\).) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
144 Tz
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(3.2.5) Tj
156 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 459 Tm
(Poisoned) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
137 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 431 Tm
(One bird \(a chick\) died of cyanide poisoning, while a juvenile which was) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 417 Tm
(suspected of having had a similar fate has yet to be autopsied.) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
150 Tz
1 0 0 1 125 389 Tm
(3.2.6) Tj
149 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 389 Tm
(Accidents) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 362 Tm
(One bird was caught in tree roots and another in an artificial vent in an his-) Tj
131 Tz
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(toric fortification.) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
150 Tz
1 0 0 1 125 319 Tm
(3.2.7) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
148 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 320 Tm
(Human Predation) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 291 Tm
(At least one authenticated report was received of kiwi having been killed for) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 277 Tm
(food.) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
150 Tz
1 0 0 1 126 249 Tm
(3.2.8) Tj
142 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 249 Tm
(Other) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 221 Tm
(Eight deaths from other causes included single birds dying from drowning in) Tj
1 0 0 1 179 207 Tm
(a swimming pool, caught under a cattlestop, killed by bulldozer, shredded by) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 193 Tm
(a rotary slasher, shot by a .22 rifle, beach-washed, sick and starving, and a) Tj
1 0 0 1 179 179 Tm
(bird which was killed by a harrier after the kiwi had been flushed during a) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 165 Tm
(stock muster.) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 56 34 Tm
(4) Tj
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(An analysis of type of dog and situation reveals that kiwi are vulnerable to) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 765 Tm
(dogs under a wide range of circumstances \(Table 2\). The greatest number of) Tj
133 Tz
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(reports are of feral or wandering/stray dogs \(38 deaths\) and of pet dogs that) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 737 Tm
(are loose during the day or night \(29 deaths\). Fewer deaths, but still signifi-) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 723 Tm
(cant numbers, were reported involving farm dogs, pig/goat hunters' dogs, and) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 710 Tm
(a duck shooter's dog.) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 660 Tm
(Table 2. CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH DOGS KILLED KIWI) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 503 Tm
(Feral/Wandering Dogs: Although there were only 10 reports of feral and/or) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 489 Tm
(wandering dogs killing kiwi, most involved multiple deaths, accounting for) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 475 Tm
(38 kiwi fatalities. These included four instances of dogs killing 5-7 birds, all at) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 462 Tm
(coastal localities in eastern Northland - near Russell, Purerua Peninsula \(2\)) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 448 Tm
(and Taemaro Bay on Hihi Peninsula. It is likely that the 20 deaths reported in) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 434 Tm
(the Opua Forest \("unknown" dog\(s\)\) were also the result of a feral or wander-) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 420 Tm
(ing dog\(s\).) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 391 Tm
(Pet Dogs: Pet dogs killed at least 29 birds. This included dogs being taken for) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 378 Tm
(daytime walks along forest tracks or roads, and especially pet dogs not being) Tj
138 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 364 Tm
(tied up at night both at home or when camping \(15\). Most were of single) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 350 Tm
(kiwi deaths, but one involved a house-based pet that was left loose at night) Tj
1 0 0 1 177 336 Tm
(and on some mornings had deposited a dead kiwi at the back door or in the) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 322 Tm
(backyard. Each of the kiwi had apparently been caught in a nearby bush re-) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 308 Tm
(serve and although its owners thought they had trained it to leave kiwi alone,) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 294 Tm
(a survey of that particular reserve in 1992 revealed that kiwi were no longer) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 280 Tm
(present. Possum hunting at night with pet dogs \(or pig dogs\) accounted for at) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 266 Tm
(least three kiwi. The breeds of pet dogs recorded killing kiwi were fox terrier) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 252 Tm
(\(4\), rottweiler \(4\), labrador \(1\), labrador-poodle cross \(1\), poodle \(1\).) Tj
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 224 Tm
(Farm Dogs: Sheep and cattle dogs were reported killing eight kiwi. These) Tj
1 0 0 1 177 210 Tm
(were primarily daytime deaths with dogs finding and killing kiwi living in) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 196 Tm
(dense vegetation and sometimes in burrows in rough pasture.) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 168 Tm
(Hunters' Dogs: Pig hunters' \(4 kills\) and goat hunters' dogs \(1 kill\) were re-) Tj
1 0 0 1 177 154 Tm
(ported killing five kiwi. This included one incident of a lost pig dog.) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 127 Tm
(Duck Shooter's Dog: A German shorthaired pointer killed at least five kiwi) Tj
1 0 0 1 177 113 Tm
(while accompanying its hunter master on duck shooting forays in the Purua) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 99 Tm
(area over a three year period.) Tj
88 Tz
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(3) Tj
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(Unknown) Tj
108 Tz
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104 Tz
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(Stray) Tj
94 Tz
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(Pet) Tj
97 Tz
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(Farm) Tj
106 Tz
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(Hunter) Tj
107 Tz
1 0 0 1 456 626 Tm
(Duck) Tj
102 Tz
1 0 0 1 499 625 Tm
(Total) Tj
99 Tz
1 0 0 1 126 580 Tm
(No. incidents) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
100 Tz
1 0 0 1 241 580 Tm
(26) Tj
88 Tz
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(10) Tj
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(21) Tj
1 0 0 1 370 579 Tm
(7) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 413 579 Tm
(5) Tj
1 0 0 1 457 579 Tm
(1) Tj
100 Tz
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(70) Tj
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(17) Tj
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100 Tz
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(28) Tj
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101 Tz
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(reported/supplied) Tj
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(38) Tj
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(29) Tj
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(8) Tj
66 Tz
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(5) Tj
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(of specimen\(s\). Where the incident was not actually seen taking place, speci-) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 765 Tm
(mens were examined for signs of trauma, e.g. bite marks and broken bones.) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 752 Tm
(Most of these were examined by the authors, veterinary surgeons or by staff) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 738 Tm
(of the Whangarei Native Bird Recovery Centre. Vague reports from the public) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 725 Tm
(were excluded from this analysis.) Tj
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109 Tz
1 0 0 1 132 664 Tm
(3.) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 179 664 Tm
(Results) Tj
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177 Tz
1 0 0 1 131 617 Tm
(3.1) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
169 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 617 Tm
(NUMBER OF REPORTS) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 589 Tm
(From 1990 to June 1995, 125 incidents have been filed involving the deaths) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 575 Tm
(of a total of 194 kiwi. Of the 194 reported deaths, 58 carcasses or part thereof) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 561 Tm
(were presented to or collected by Department of Conservation staff for ex-) Tj
1 0 0 1 178 547 Tm
(amination. Most of these specimens have subsequently been despatched to) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 534 Tm
(Massey University for additional research.) Tj
177 Tz
1 0 0 1 131 484 Tm
(3.2) Tj
2000 Tz
1 0 0 1 0 841 Tm
(\t) Tj
167 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 485 Tm
(CAUSE OF DEATH) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 456 Tm
(Details of cause of death are presented in Table 1. Of the 194 reported deaths,) Tj
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 443 Tm
(only 18 \(9%\) could not be confidently assigned to a specific cause.) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 393 Tm
(Table 1. CAUSES OF KIWI DEATHS) Tj
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(3.2.1) Tj
147 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 204 Tm
(Dogs) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
131 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 174 Tm
(Dogs were the most frequently reported cause of kiwi deaths, accounting for) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 161 Tm
(56% of incidents and 70% of deaths. If the 18 deaths from unknown causes) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 147 Tm
(\(some of which were suspected to have been caused by dogs\) are excluded) Tj
137 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 133 Tm
(from the sample, dogs accounted for 78% of reported deaths. Most of the) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 119 Tm
(reports were of single kiwi being killed, some of them incubating eggs.There) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 105 Tm
(were also several multiple fatalities including 20 birds between Opua Forest) Tj
1 0 0 1 177 91 Tm
(and Waitangi in 1990 and up to 7 birds at other sites in eastern Northland.) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 53 36 Tm
(2) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
95 Tz
1 0 0 1 198 361 Tm
(Dogs) Tj
94 Tz
1 0 0 1 232 360 Tm
(Vehicle) Tj
92 Tz
1 0 0 1 266 360 Tm
(Trap) Tj
90 Tz
1 0 0 1 301 360 Tm
(Cat/) Tj
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 335 360 Tm
(Poison) Tj
93 Tz
1 0 0 1 301 344 Tm
(Mustelld) Tj
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 369 360 Tm
(Accident Human) Tj
95 Tz
1 0 0 1 439 359 Tm
(Other) Tj
98 Tz
1 0 0 1 473 359 Tm
(Unknown) Tj
87 Tz
1 0 0 1 513 359 Tm
(Total) Tj
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 111 313 Tm
(No. incidents) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
100 Tz
1 0 0 1 203 312 Tm
(70) Tj
77 Tz
1 0 0 1 233 312 Tm
(12) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 266 312 Tm
(7) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 301 312 Tm
(5) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 335 311 Tm
(2) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 370 311 Tm
(2) Tj
1 0 0 1 405 311 Tm
(1) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 438 311 Tm
(8) Tj
77 Tz
1 0 0 1 474 311 Tm
(18) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 514 310 Tm
(125) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
100 Tz
1 0 0 1 111 296 Tm
(No. specimens) Tj
1 0 0 1 111 281 Tm
(presented) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
1 0 0 1 203 280 Tm
(28) Tj
77 Tz
1 0 0 1 233 280 Tm
(10) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 266 280 Tm
(6) Tj
1 0 0 1 301 279 Tm
(2) Tj
1 0 0 1 335 279 Tm
(2) Tj
1 0 0 1 369 279 Tm
(0) Tj
1 0 0 1 404 279 Tm
(0) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 439 279 Tm
(1) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 478 278 Tm
(9) Tj
100 Tz
1 0 0 1 518 278 Tm
(58) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
99 Tz
1 0 0 1 111 265 Tm
(Total no. kiwi) Tj
101 Tz
1 0 0 1 111 249 Tm
(reported/supplied) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
96 Tz
1 0 0 1 198 248 Tm
(135) Tj
77 Tz
1 0 0 1 233 248 Tm
(12) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 266 248 Tm
(7) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 301 247 Tm
(5) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 335 248 Tm
(2) Tj
66 Tz
1 0 0 1 370 247 Tm
(2) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 404 247 Tm
(2) Tj
111 Tz
1 0 0 1 438 247 Tm
(8) Tj
88 Tz
1 0 0 1 473 247 Tm
(21) Tj
1 0 0 1 514 247 Tm
(194) Tj
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132 Tz
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(Abstract) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
137 Tz
1 0 0 1 178 726 Tm
(194 kiwi deaths reported in Northland between 1990 and June 1995 were) Tj
129 Tz
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(caused primarily by dogs, indicating that the "Waitangi dog incident" of 1987) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 698 Tm
(was not an isolated instance. Over the five and a half year period, dogs ac-) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 684 Tm
(counted for 135 \(70%\) of all reported kiwi deaths and 78% of all deaths for) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 670 Tm
(which the precise cause was established. The second greatest cause of death) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 656 Tm
(was vehicles \(12; 6% of deaths\). Although the data were biased against more) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 642 Tm
(cryptic predators, e.g. cats and mustelids, the figures nevertheless represent) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 628 Tm
(an alarming impact by dogs. Several categories of dog figured prominently,) Tj
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 614 Tm
(particularly stray/feral dogs and pet dogs, but farm dogs and hunters' dogs) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 601 Tm
(also killed many birds.) Tj
/OP11Font0 22 Tf
109 Tz
1 0 0 1 131 541 Tm
(1.) Tj
139 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 540 Tm
(Introduction) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 493 Tm
(Northland is the stronghold for North Island brown kiwi) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
1 0 0 1 453 492 Tm
(\(Apteryx australis) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 480 Tm
(mantelli\),) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 227 479 Tm
(but a survey carried out in 1992-93 indicated that their range had) Tj
126 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 466 Tm
(contracted markedly since the 1970s, particularly in southern Northland \(Miller) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 452 Tm
(& Pierce in press\). Kiwi in Northland appear to have come under increased) Tj
134 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 438 Tm
(pressure in recent years with northward expanding populations of possums) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 424 Tm
(\(Trichosurus vulpecula\)) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
131 Tz
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(and ferrets) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
135 Tz
1 0 0 1 354 423 Tm
(\(Mustela furo\)) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 429 423 Tm
(as well as increased re-) Tj
124 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 409 Tm
(ports of dog attacks \(Taborsky 1988, Marchant & Higgins 1990, Miller & Pierce) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 397 Tm
(in press\).) Tj
1 0 0 1 177 368 Tm
(Few quantified data are available on causes of kiwi deaths. Reid) Tj
/OP11Font1 9 Tf
124 Tz
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(et al.) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
1 0 0 1 510 367 Tm
(\(1982\)) Tj
127 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 355 Tm
(reported on the causes of death of 50 kiwi in Taranaki and Northland, in which) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 341 Tm
(dogs accounted for 28% of deaths.) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 312 Tm
(Possums, ferrets and other predators are known to prey on eggs, chicks and) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 298 Tm
(adults of various kiwi taxa \(J. McLennan, H.A. Robertson pers. comm.\) and) Tj
138 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 284 Tm
(their relative impacts on North Island brown kiwi are currently being re-) Tj
129 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 270 Tm
(searched in Northland and the Urewera region. Meanwhile, dog control is be-) Tj
133 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 256 Tm
(ing advocated and implemented in various parts of Northland as part of the) Tj
128 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 243 Tm
(Kiwi Recovery Programme \(Butler & McLennan 1990\). During this advocacy) Tj
136 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 229 Tm
(programme a database of kiwi deaths on specific incidents since 1990 has) Tj
132 Tz
1 0 0 1 176 214 Tm
(been kept. This note reports on the details of the database to June 1995. Ex-) Tj
130 Tz
1 0 0 1 177 200 Tm
(cluded from the database are the interim results of an intensive kiwi research) Tj
1 0 0 1 176 187 Tm
(programme in the Purua area near Whangarei \(H.A. Robertson pers. comm.\).) Tj
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115 Tz
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(2.) Tj
130 Tz
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(Methods) Tj
/OP11Font0 9 Tf
136 Tz
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(The data sheets were completed by Department of Conservation staff and) Tj
129 Tz
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(covered details of observer, date, locality, cause of death and final destination) Tj
66 Tz
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(1) Tj
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(This report was commissioned by Northland Conservancy) Tj
98 Tz
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(ISSN 1171-9834) Tj
105 Tz
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( 1997 Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington, New Zealand) Tj
106 Tz
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(Reference to material in this report should be cited thus:) Tj
102 Tz
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(Pierce, R.J. and Sporle, W., 1997.) Tj
104 Tz
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(Causes of kiwi mortality in Northland.) Tj
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(Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 169.) Tj
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106 Tz
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(Department of) Tj
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(Conservation, Wellington.) Tj
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(Keywords:) Tj
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